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Anatomy

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The study of human body structure that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized and the science of the structure of organisms or their parts.

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Physiology

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Study of the functions or activities performed by the body's structures.

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Histology

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Also known as microscopic anatomy: The study of the structure and composition of tissue.

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The Study of Anatomy, physiology, and histology is important to the esthetician because:

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Estheticians need to understand how the human body functions as a whole, to get a scientific basis on the proper application of products/services and the effects the services will have on the tissues, organs, and body systems.

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The basic structure of the cell unit:

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Protoplasm, nucleus, organelle, nucleoplasm, dna, cytoplasm, and the cell membrane.

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Cell Metabolism:

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A chemical process that takes place in living organisms. Through metabolism, cells are nourished and carry out their activities. The two phases of metabolism are catabolism and anabolism. They are carried out simultaneously and continually within the cells.

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Four types of tissue found in the human body:

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Connective tissue, Epithelial tissue, Muscle tissue, Nerve tissue. (adipose tissue a.k.a fatty tissue).

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What are organs?

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Structures composed of specialized tissues designed to perform specific functions in plants and animals. i.e the Kidneys, liver and the skin.

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The most important organs in the body:

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Brain, eyes, heart, kidneys, lungs, liver, skin, stomach, intestines.

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Eleven main body systems:

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Skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, lymphatic/Immune, edocrine, digestive, excretory, respiratory, integumentary (skin), reproductive.

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Primary functions of the skeletal system:

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Forms the physical foundation of the body, allows for body movement, produces blood for the body, stores minerals such as calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate.

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Three types of muscle tissue found in the body:

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Striated muscles, Nonstriated muscles, Cardiac muscle.

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Two types of nerves found in the body:

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Sensory nerves (a.k.a afferent nerves) & Motor nerves (a.k.a efferent nerves)

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The primary functions of the lymphatic system are:

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To act as a defense against invading bacteria and toxins, to remove waste material from the body cells to the blood, to aid in reducing swelling, inflammation, and accumulations in the blood vessels.

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Two types of glands in the Endocrine systems:

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Exocrine glands (a.k.a duct glands) & Endocrine glands (a.k.a ductless glands)

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Organs of then the excretory system:

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Kidneys, liver, skin, large intestine, the lungs.

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Abductors

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Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, abductors seperate the finger.

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Absorption

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The transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tissues and cells.

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Adductors

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Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, adductors draw the fingers together.

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Adipose tissue

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A specialized connective tissue considered fat, which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body.

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Adrenal glands

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Glands that secrete about 30 steroid hormones and control metabolic processes of the body including the fight or flight response.

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Anabolism

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Constructive metabolism, the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones. During this process the body stores water, food and oxygen for the time when these substances will be needed cell growth and repair.

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Angular Artery

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Artery that supplies blood to the side of the nose.

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Anterior Auricular Artery

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Artery that supplies blood to the front part of the ear.

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Aorta

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The body's largest artery. The arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.

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Arteries

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Thick-walled muscular and flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body.

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Arterioles

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Small arteries that deliver bood to capillaries.

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Artioventricular Valves

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Abbreviated ATV; valves which are designed to prevent the blood from flowing back into the pumping chamber.

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Atrium

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Thin-walled, upper chamber of the heart through which blood is pumped to the ventricles. There is a right atrium and a left atrium.

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Auricularis Anterior

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Muscle in front of the ear that draws the ear foreward

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Auricularis Posterior

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Muscle behind the ear that draws the ear backward.

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Auricularis superior

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Muscle above the ear that draws the ear upward.

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Auriculotemporal Nerve

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Nerve that affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull.

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Autonomic Nervous System

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Abbreviated ANS; the part of the nervous system the controls the involuntary muscles regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels and heart.

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Axon

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The extension of a neuron through which impulses are sent away from the cell body to other neurons, glands, or muscles.

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Belly

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The middle part of a muscle.

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Biceps

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Muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm.

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Blood

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Nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system (heart, veins, arteries and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them.

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Blood Vessels

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Tube-like structures that transport blood to and from the heart, and to various tissues of the body; include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules & veins.

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Body Systems

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Also known as systems; groups of bodily organs acting together to perform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 11 major systems.

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Brachial Artery

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Located in the the upper arm, the brachial artery is a major blood vessel which runs down the arm and ends by dividing into the radial and ulnar arteries, which run down through the forearm.

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Brain

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Part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; the largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensation, muscles, glandular activity, and the power to think and feel.

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Brain Stem

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Structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain.

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Buccal Nerve

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Nerve that affects the muscles of the mouth.

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Buccinator

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Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw the compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips.

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Capillaries

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Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. Capillaries bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials.

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Cardiac Muscle

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The involuntary muscle that is the heart. This type of muscle is not found in any other part of the body.

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Carpus

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Also known as wrist, a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments.

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Catabolism

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The phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones, often resulting in the release of energy to perform functions such as muscular efforts, secretions, or digestion.

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Cell Membrane

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Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell.

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Cells

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Basic unit of all living things; minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

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Cerebrospinal nervous system; consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.

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Cerebullum

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Lies at the base of them cerebum and is attached to the brain stem; this term is latin for "litte brain".

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Cerebrum

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Makes up the bulk of the brain and is located in the front, upper part of the cranium.

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Cervical Cutaneous Nerve

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Nerve located at the side of the neck that affects the front and sides of the neck as far down at the breastbone.

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Cervical Nerves

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Nerves that originate at the spinal cord, whose branches supply the muscles and scalp at the back of the head and neck; affect the side of the neck and the platysma muscle.

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Cervical Vertebrae

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The Seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column, located in the neck region.

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Circulatory System

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Also know as cardiovascular system or vascular system; system that controls the steady circulation of blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels.

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Clavicle (collarbone)

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Bone joining the sternum and scapula.

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Common Carotid Arteries

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Arteries that supply blood to the face, head and neck.

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Connective Tissue

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Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage, and tendons. Examples of connective tissue are bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph, fat.

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Corrugator Muscle

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Facial muscle the draws eyebrows down and wrinkles the forhead vertically.

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Cranium

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Oval, bone case that protects the brain.

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Cytoplasm

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All the protoplasm of a cell except that which is in the nucleus; the watery fluid containing food material necessary for cell growth, reproduction and self repair.

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Defecation

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Elimination of feces from the body.

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Deltoid

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Large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body.

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Dendrites

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Tree-like branching of nerve fibers extending from a nerve cell; short nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the cell and receive impulses from other neurons.

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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The blueprint material of genetic information; contains all the information that controls the function of the living cell.

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Depressor anguli oris (Triangularis muscle)

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muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth.

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Diaphragm

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muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and aids in breathing.

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Diencephalon

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Located in the uppermost part of the midbrain, consists of the two main parts the thalamus and the hypothalamus.

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Digestion

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Break down of food my mechanical and chemical means.

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Digestive System (Gastrointestinal System)

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Responsible for changing food into nutrients and wastes: consists of the mouth, the stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric glands, and other organs.

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Digestive Enzymes

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Chemicals that change certain kinds of foods into a form that can be used by the body.

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Digital Nerve

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Sensory-motor nerve that, with it's branches, supplies impulses to the fingers.

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Eleventh Cranial Nerve (Accessory Nerve)

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a motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscle.

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Endocrine Glands (Ductless Glands)

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Release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream which in turn influence the welfare of the entire body.

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Endocrine System

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Group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body.

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Epicranial Aponeurosis

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Tendon connecting to the occipitalis and the frontalis.

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Epicranius (Occipitalfrontalis)

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The broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis.

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Epithelial Tissue

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Protective covering on body surfaces, such as the skin, mucous membranes, and lining of the heart; digestive and respiratory organs; and glands.

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Ethmoid Bones

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Light, spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavaties.

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Excretory System

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Group of organs-including the kidneys, liver, skin, large, intestine, and lungs- that purify the body by elimination of waste matter.

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Exhalation

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Breathing outward; expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs.

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Exocrine Glands (Duct Glands)

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produce a substance that travels through small, tube-like ducts. Sweat and oil glands of the skin belong to this group.

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Extensors

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Muscles that straighten the wrist, hand and fingers to form a straight line.

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External Carotid Artery

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Artery that supplies blood to the anterior parts of the scalp, ear, face, neck and side of the head.

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External Jugular Vein

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Vein located on the side of the neck that carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck.

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Facial Artery (External Maxillary Artery)

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Supplies blood to the lower region of the face, mouth, and the nose.

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Fifth Cranial Nerve (Trifacial/ Trigeminal Nerve)

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The chief sensory nerve of the face, and it serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing. It consists of three branches.

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Flexors

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Extensor muscle of the wrist, involved in flexing the wrist,

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Frontal Artery

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Artery that supplies blood to the forehead and upper eyelids.

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Fontal Bone

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Bone forming the forehead.

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Frontalis

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Front (anterior) portion of the epicranius; muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp foreward and causes wrinkles across the forehead.

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Glands

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Specialized organs that remove certain elements from the blood to convert them into new compounds.

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Greater Auricular Nerve

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Nerve at the sides of the neck affecting the face, ears, neck, and parotid gland.

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Greater Occipital Nerve

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Nerve located in the back of the head, affects the scalp as far up as the top of the head.

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Heart

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Muscular cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system.

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Hemoglobin

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Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen.

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Hormones

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Secretions produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body, or a body organ, to stimulate functional activity or secretion such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen.

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Humerus

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Uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder.

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Hyoid Bone

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U-Shaped Bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscle.

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Inferior Labial Artery

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Supplies blood to the lower lip.

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Infraorbital Artery

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Artery that originates from the internal maxillary artery and supplies blood to the eye muscles.

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Infraorbital Nerve

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Nerve that affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip and mouth.

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Infratrochlear Nerve

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Nerve that affects the membrane and skin of the nose.

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Ingestion

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Eating or taking food into the body.

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Inhalation

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Breathing in through the nose or the mouth, and thus oxygen is absorbed by the blood.

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Insertion

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Point where the skeletal muscle is attached to a bone or other movable body part.

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Integumentary System

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The skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and the sweat glands, sensory receptors,hair and nails.

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Internal carotid artery

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Artery the supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose, and internal ear.

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Internal juglar vein

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Vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck,

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Interstitial Fluid

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Blood plasma found in the spaces between tissues.

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Joint

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Connection between two or more bones of the skeleton.

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Kidneys

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One of the organs which supports the excretory system by eliminating water and waste products.

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Lacrimal Bones

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Small, thin bones located in the anterior medial wall of the orbits (eye sockets)

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Lateral Pterygoid

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Muscles that coordinate with the masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw foreward, sometimes referred to as chewing muscles.

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Latissimus Dorsi

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Large,flat, triangular muscle covering the lower back.

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Levator Anguli Oris (Caninus)

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A muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward.

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Levator Labii Superioris (Quadratu labii superioris)

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Muscle surrounding the upper lip that elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils, as in expressing distaste.

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Liver

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One of the organs which supports the excretory system by removing toxic waste products of digestion.

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Lungs

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Spongy tissue composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide during one respiratory cycle.

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Lymph

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Clear, yellowish fluid that circulates in the lymph spaces (lymphatic) of the body; carries waste and impurities away from the cells.

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Lymph capillaries

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Lymphatic vessels that occur in clusters and are distributed throughout most of the body

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Lymph nodes

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Gland-like structures found inside lymphatic vessels; filter the lymphatic vessels and helps fight infections with white blood cells.

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Lymphatic/immune system

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Vital to the circulatory and to the immune system made up of lymph, lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the spleen, and lymph vessels that act as an aid to the blood system; the lymphatic and immune system are closely connected in that they protect the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease causing microorganisms.

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Mandible

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Lower jawbone, strongest bone of the face,

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Mandibular Nerve

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Branch of the fifth cranial nerve the supplies the muscles and skin of the lower part of the face; also, nerve that affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip.

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Masseter

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One of the muscles the coordinate with the temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw foreward; sometimes referred to as the chewing muscles.

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Maxillary Nerve

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Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the upper part of the face.

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Maxillary Bones

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Forms the upper jaw.

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Medial Pterygoid

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One of the muscles that coordinate with the masseter, temporalis, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw foreward; sometimes referred to as chewing muscles.

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Median Nerve

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Nerve, smaller than the ulnar and radial nerves, that supplies the arm and the hand.

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Melasma (Pregnancy Mask)

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Skin condition that is triggered by hormones by hormones that causes darker pigmentation in areas such as on the upper lip and around the eyes and cheeks.

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Mental Nerve

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Nerve that affects the skin of the lower lip and chin.

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Mentalis

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Muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin.

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Metabolism

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1. Chemical process taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities. 2. The process of changing food into forms the body can use as energy. Metabolism consists of two parts: anabolism and catabolism.

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Metacarpus (Palm)

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Consists of five long, slender bones called metacarpal bones.

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Middle Temporal Artery

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Artery the supplies blood to the temples.

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Mitosis

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Cells dividing into two new cells. The usual process of cell reproduction of human tissue.

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Mitral Valve (Bicuspid Valve)

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A valve in which, from the left atrium, the blood flows through into the left ventricle.

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Motor Nerves (Efferent Nerves)

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Carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands. These transmitted impulses produce movement.

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Muscle Tissue

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Tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body.

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Muscular System

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Body system that covers, shapes, and supports the skeleton tissue; contracts and moves various parts of the body.

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Myology:

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The study of nature, structure, function, and diseases of the muscles.

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Nasal Bones

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Bones that form the bridge of your nose.

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Nasal Nerve

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Nerve that affects the point and lower sides of the nose.

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Nasalis Muscle

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Two-Part muscle which covers the nose.

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Nerve Tissue:

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Tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions.

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Nerves

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Whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted.

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Nervous System

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body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves: Controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work harmoniously and efficiently.

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Neurology

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The scientific study of the structure, function and pathology of the nervous system.

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Neuron or nerve cell

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The basic unit of the nervous system, consisting of a cell body, nucleus, dendrites, and axon.

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Nonstriated Muscle (Involuntary/Visceral/smooth muscles)

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Muscles that function automatically without conscious will.

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Nucleoplasm

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Fluid within the nucleus of the cell that contains proteins and DNA; determines our genetic makeup.

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Nucleus

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The central part, core. 1. In histology the dense, active protoplasm found in the center of a eukaryotic cell that acts as the genetic control center; it plays an important role in cell reproduction and metabolism. 2. In chemistry, the center of the atom, where protons and neutrons are located.

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Occipital Artery

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Artery that supplies blood to the skin and muscles of the scalp and the back of the head up to the crown.

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Occipital Bone

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Hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape.

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Ophthalmic Nerve

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Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the skin of the forehead, upper eyelids, and interior portion of the scalp, orbit, eyeball, and nasal passage.

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Orbicularis Oculi

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Ring muscle of the eye socket, closes the eyelid.

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Orbicularis Oris

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Flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers and wrinkles the lips.

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Organelle

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Small structures or miniature organs within a cell that have their own functions.

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Organs

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Structures composed of specialized tissues and performing specific functions in plants and animals

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Orgin

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Part of the muscle that does not move; it is attached to the skeleton and is usually part of a skeletal muscle.

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Os

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Means bone and is used in prefix in many medical terms. such as osteoarthritis which is a joint disease.

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Osteology

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Study of the anatomy, structure and function of the bones.

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Ovaries

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Function in sexual reproductions as wall as determining male and female sexual characteristics.

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Palatine Bones

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Two bones that form the head palate of the mouth.

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Pancreas

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Secretes enzyme-producing cells that are responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The islet of langerhans cells within the pancreas control insulin and glucagon production.

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Parasympathetic Divison

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Part of the autonomic nervous system. It operates under normal nonstressful situations, such as resting. It also helps to restore and calm and balance to the body after a stressful event.

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Parathyroid Glands

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Regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly.

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Parietal Artery

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Artery that supplies blood to the side of the crown of the head.

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Parietal Bones

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Bones that form the sides and the top of the cranium.

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Pectoralis major and minor

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Muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm.

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Pericardium

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Double Layered membranous sac enclosing the heart; made of epithelial tissue.

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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System of nerves and ganglia that connects the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system; has both sensory and motor nerves.

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Peristalsis

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Moving food along the digestive tract.

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Phelanges (singular: Phalanx) a.k.a digits

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Bones of the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thumb, totaling 14 bones.

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Pineal Gland

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a gland located in the brain. Plays a major role in the sexual development, sleep, and metabolism.

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Pituitary Gland

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A gland found in the center of the head. The most complex organ of the endocrine system. It affects almost every physiologic process of the body: Growth, blood pressure, contractions during child birth, breast-milk production, sexual organ functions in both men and women, thyroid gland function, and the conversion of food into energy (metabolism)

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Plasma

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Fluid part of the blood and lymph that carries food and secretions to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells.

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Platelets (Thrombocytes)

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Much smaller than red blood cells, contribute to the blood-clotting process, which stops bleeding.

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Platysma

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Broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for depressing the lower jaw and lip.

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Posterior Auricular Artery

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Artery that supplies blood to the scalp, behind and above the ear.

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Posterior Auricular Nerve

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Nerve that affects the muscles behind the ear and the base of the skull.

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Procerus

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Muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, depresses the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose.

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Pronators

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Muscles that turn the hand inward so that the palm can face downward.

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Protoplasm

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Colorless, jellylike substance in cells; contains food elements such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water.

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Pulmanory Circulation

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Send the blood from the heart to the lungs to be purified, then back to the heart again.

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Radial Artery

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Artery, along with numerous branches, that supplies blood to the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand; supplies the muscles of the skin, hands, fingers, wrist, elbows and forearm.

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Radial Nerve

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Nerve that, with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand

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Radius

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Smaller bone in the forearm on the same side of the thumb

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Red blood cells (Red corpuscles/erythocytes)

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Produced in the red bone marrow, blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transport carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs.

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Reflex

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Automatic reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord. A responsive impulse is sent along a motor neuron to a muscle, causing a reaction. i.e a quick removal of the hand from a hot obeject. Reflexes do not have to be learned they are automatic.

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Reproductive system

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Body system that includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina in the female and the testes, prostate gland, penis and urethra in the male. This system performs the function of producing offspring and passing on the genetic code from one generation to another.

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Respiration

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Process of inhaling and exhaling; the act of breathing; the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs and within each cell.

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Respiratory System

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Body systems consisting of the lungs and air passages, enables breathing, which supplies the body with oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product.

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Ribs

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Twelve pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax.

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Risorius

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Muscle of the mouth that draws the corner of the mouth back, as in grinning.

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Scapula (shoulder blade)

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One of a pair of large, flat triangular bone of the shoulder.

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Sensory Nerves (afferent nerves)

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Carry impluses or messages from the sense organs to the brain, where sensations such as touch, could, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain and pressure are experienced. Sensory nerve endings called receptors are located close to the surface of the skin.

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Serratus Anterior

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Muscle of the chest that assists in breathing and rasing the arm.

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Seventh Cranial Nerve (facial nerve)

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The chief motor nerve of the face. It emerges near the lower part of the the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck.

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Skeletal System

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Physical foundation of the body, composed of the bone and moveable and immovable joints.

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Skin

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External protective coating that covers the body. The bodys largest organ, acts as a barrier to protect body systems from the outside elements.

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Smaller occipital nerve (lesser occipital nerve)

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Located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear.

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Sphenoid bone

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Bone that joints all the bones of the cranium together.

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Spinal Cord

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Portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk, it is protected by the spinal column.

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Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

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Muscle of the neck that depresses and rotates the head.

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Sternum (breastbone)

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The flat bone that forms the ventral support of the ribs.

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Striated Muscles ( Skeletal/ Voluntary Muscles)

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Attached to bones and make up a large percentage of body mass; controlled by the will.

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Submental Artery

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Artery that supplies blood to the chin and lower lip.

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Superficial Temporal Artery

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A continuation of the external carotid nerve artery. Artery that supplies blood to the muscles of the front, side and top of the head.

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Supinator

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Muscle of the forearm that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward.

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Supraorbital Artery

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Artery that supplies blood to the upper lip and region of the nose

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Supraorbital Nerve

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Nerve that affects the skin of the forehead, scalp, eyebrow, and upper eyelid.

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Supratrochlear nerve

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Nerve that affects the skin between the eyes and upper side of the nose.

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Sympathetic Divison

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Part of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates or speeds up activity and prepares the body for stressful situations, such as in running from a dangerous situation, or competing in a sports event.

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Systemic or general circulation

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Circulation of blood from the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart.

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Temporal Bones

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bones forming the sides of the head in the ear region

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Temporal Nerve

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Nerve affecting the muscles of the temples, side of the forehead, eyebrow, eyelid and upper part of the cheek.

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Temporalis Muscle

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Temporal muscle, one of the muscles involved in mastication (chewing)

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Testes

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Male organs which produces the male hormone testosterone.

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Thorax (Chest/ Pulmonary trunk)

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Consists of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae, elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective frame work for the heart, lungs, and other internal organs.

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Thyroid Gland

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A gland located in the neck, controls how quickly the body burns energy (metabolism) makes proteins, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones.

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Tibial Nerve

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Divison of the sciatic nerve, passes behind the knew: subdivides and supplies impulses to the knee, the muscles of the calf, the skin of the leg, and the sole, heel, and underside of the toes.

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Tissue

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Collection of similar cells that perform a particular function.

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Transverse facial nerve

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Artery that supplies blood to the skin and the masseter.

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Trapezius

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Muscle that covers the back of neck and upper and middle region of the back: stabilizes the scapula and shrugs the shoulders.

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Triceps

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Large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm.

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Tricuspid Valve

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The heart valve that prevents backflow between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

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Turbinal bones

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Thin layers of spongy bone on either of the outer walls of the nasal depression.

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Ulna

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Inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist on the side of the little finger (pinky).

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Ulnar artery

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Artery that supplies blood to the muscle of the pinky side of the arm and palm of the hand.

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Ulna Nerve

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Sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, affects the little-finger side of the arm and palm of the hand.

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Valves

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Structures that temporarily close a passage or permit flow in one direction only.

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Vascular System

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Body system consisting of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries for the distribution of blood throughout the body.

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Veins

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Thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries; they contain cuplike valves to prevent backflow and carry impure blood from the various capillaries back to the heart and lungs.

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Ventricle

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A thick walled, lower chamber of the heart that recieves blood pumped from the atrium. There is a right ventricle and a left ventricle.

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Venules

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Small vessels that connect the capillaries to the veins. They collect blood from the capillaries and drain it into the veins.

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Vomer Bone

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Flat, thin bone that forms part of the nasal septum.

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White blood cells (White corpuscles/Leukocytes)

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They destroy disease causing germs,

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Zygomatic Bones ( malar bones/cheekbones)

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Bones that form the prominence of the cheeks= cheekbones.

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Zygomatic Nerve

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Nerve that affects the skin of the temple, side of the forehead, and upper part of the cheek.

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Zygomaticus major and minor

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Muscles on both sides of the face that extend from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth, these muscles elevate the lip, pull the mouth upward and backward, as when you are laughing or smiling.

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How many cells are in the human body?

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Trillions

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Favorable conditions for a cell to reproduce:

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Adequate supply of oxygen, water, food, suitable temperatures,.

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Unfavorable conditions for a cell to reproduce:

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Toxins, disease, injury.

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Percentage of water in the average adult.

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50-65% of water.

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The amount of joints in the human body

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Over 230 movable and semi movable joints in the body.

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The amount of bones in the skeletal system

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206 bones.

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The muscles are connect to the bones by:

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Tendons

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Bones are connected to eachother by:

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Ligaments

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The amount of bones in the face:

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22 bones.

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The amount of bones in the cranium:

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8 bones.

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The amount of bones in the face.

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14 bones.

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How to stimulate muscular tissue:

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Massage, Electrical therapy current, light rays, heat rays, moist heat, nerve impulses, and chemicals (certain acids and salts).

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Ear preifx:

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AURI

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Chin prefix:

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MENTAL

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Components of the brain stem:

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The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

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This extends from the spinal cord and is distributed to the muscles and skin of the trunk and limbs.

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31 pairs of spinal nerves.

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SUPRA:

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Above

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Posterior:

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Behind

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an adult heart pumps this much blood a day:

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Nearly 4,000 gallons.

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An adult has____ miles of blood vessels in their body

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60,000.

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Inferior:

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Lower

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The amount of hormones in your body:

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Over 30.

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The average amount of intestines in an adult body:

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25 feet.

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Amount of food handled in an entire lifetime:

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50 tons.

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Lungs contain ____ miles of airways.

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1500 miles.

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You shed ____ dead skin cells from your body every minute.

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30,000 to 40,000.

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Effects of changing/fluctuating hormones.

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Acne, loss of collagen and elastin, loss of scalp hair, facial hair growth and color, and.changes in skin pigmentation (melasma).

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