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crop rotation

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don't always plant the same crop in the same place. move crops around and keep one fallow. Contributes to the increased agricultural production and thus the economic expansion in the 11th C.

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geniza

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storage area in a Jewish synagogue or cemetery designated for the temporary storage of worn-out Hebrew-language books and papers on religious topics. These papers have God's name on them and thus cannot be throw out.

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Medieval Warm Period

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time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region. this increase in temperature helped cause the agricultural and economic expansion in the 11th C.

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Cistercians

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founded in 1098 at Citeux. Called the "white monks." they focused on austerity and simplicity. They were centralized. Strong appreciation and love of theology. They were good farmers. There were two types of monks: choir monks (prayer, administration, educated) and lay brothers (manual labor, not priests, not educated). Bernard of Clairvaux, abbot at Clairvaux who helped spread the order/popularize it.

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Bernard of Clairvaux

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cistercian abbot at Clairvaux. Noted for: Apologia defending cistercians vs cluniacs, writing biblical commentaries, his very refined and recognizable writing style, preaching the 2nd crusade, supporting templar knights, Five Books on Consideration

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papal primacy

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doctrine that the pope holds primacy among bishops. Precedents: decretals (people write to the pope asking for legal answers. pope writes back. establishes legal precedent). See of Peter. ecumenical councils.

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Pope Leo IX

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11th C. Appointed by HRE (not a local Italian). goals: stop simony (buying and selling of church offices), clerical celibacy (priests should be more like monks. no marriage), sex, family life, and money are all unclean. Consequences of his actions: separation between monks and clergy and laypeople who can't give up family and money. He doesn't just stay in Rome, but he travels around and uses his legal power in other bishops' legal issues. Part of papal reform.

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filioque

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part of nicene creed revised by a visigoth claiming that the holy spirit came from both the father and the son. no ecumenical council was called to make this official, but it was widespread in the west. The romans told the greeks that they should accept it. Greeks were pissed. This contributes to the schism.

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Pope Gregory VII

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One of the great reforming popes. 11th c. best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor that affirmed the primacy of papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the College of Cardinals (Henry invested his own candidate. Gregory complained. Henry and his bishops declared Gregory an usurper of the papacy. Gregory excommunicates Henry. Henry waits outside pope's palace in snow. Gregory lifts excommunication).

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puritas

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purity of the church. this is one of the goals of Leo IX -- goals: stop simony (buying and selling of church offices), clerical celibacy (priests should be more like monks. no marriage), sex, family life, and money are all unclean. Consequences of his actions: separation between monks and clergy and laypeople who can't give up family and money

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libertas

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freedom of the clergy from the laity. Big part of papal reform. Pope does not want secular powers to have a say in appointing members of the church.

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Concordat of Worms

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ended the investiture conflict w/ a compromise. 12th C. Makes conceptual difference on the 2 parts of investiture - spiritual (bishop to be received symbols of office) & secular (bishop received material goods that all him to function). Ring and staff given by church and the emp would touch the bishop w/ a scepter, signifying the land and other possessions.

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Pope Urban II

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receives request in 11th C. from Byz emperor. Byzantines request help against Turks - request mercenaries. Pope sends knights. Sermon at Clermont: go aid fellow christian brothers. offers indulgence, christ commanded it, go help christian brother from Turks and arabs. What happens with first crusade? people's crusade massacres a bunch of jews and don't make it to anatolia. the main army run into issues with internal management, $, and food but take Edessa and antioch and jerusalem.

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plenary indulgence

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a full indulgence. It's a HUGE penance and covers all sins up to date. These are granted to people who go on crusade. the people who die along the way or on crusade go to heaven.

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crusade

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characteristics - penitential war with indulgence, armed pilgrimage, papal authorization (legitimate authority - pope using king-like powers), take vow and wear cross in clothing, military orders.

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Outremer

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4 states beyond the sea. the crusader states. Edessa, antioch, tripoli, jerusalem. Who lived here: franks (term for all western europeans), christian locals both syrians and Greek Christians, muslims.

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Saladin

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12th C. agent of Nur al-din, the sunni king of Damascus. Saladin takes control of the egyptian government, then after Nur's death takes control of syria, thus uniting syria and egypt. he starts the Ayyubid dynasty. Fights Reynald (a castellan near Jerusalem) @ battle of Hattin - huge muslim victory. then goes on to conquer jerusalem.

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Battle of Hattin

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Saladin vs. Reynald of Chatillon (a castellan near Jerusalem) - huge muslim victory. As a result of this battle, the muslims became the prominent military force in the holy land. Saladin then goes on to conquer jerusalem. This prompts the 3rd crusade.

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Louis IX of France

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13th c. very pious. he developed french royal justice. went on 7th and 8th crusades. 6th goes to Egypt where they took Damietta, but then is captured by egyptians and has to pay a ransom to escape. 8th goes to Tunis in N africa where he died of disease.

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Frederick II

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HRE. 13th C. He had claims to the whole of Italy as emperor, but the pope and italian cities did not want that. He had desire only to take northern italy. HRE vs Lombard league. they defeat him and he removes his troops. He did marry the heiress of the kingdom of sicily, thus connecting the 2.

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Cathars

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french heretics. dualists (2 gods, one of spirit and one of matter, good vs bad). want to free good spirits from bad matter. prefects (leaders who reject material body) and followers (don't necessarily adhere to that lifestyle their whole life). Not interested in normal church hierarchy. Especially popular at Languedoc. Albigensian crusade by innocent 3 vs. them.

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Livonia

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Missionaries from Germany come here. In 13th C. Albert, a bishop of Riga in Livonia works on converting locals, but faces some aggression. asks Innocent 3 for help, and he approves a crusade with no time limit on the indulgence. Sword brothers military order organize crusaders to come here each summer. Albert calls Livonia "our lord's property" - it is the fief of the virgin mary and becomes a pilgrimage site.

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Teutonic Knights

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formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals. also served as a crusading military order in the Middle Ages. come to Prussia to help bishop of Prussia. Hermann von Salza, leader, thinks Prussia would be a good training ground- gets permission to be semi autonomous price of HRE here. They conquer and colonize Prussia (perpetual crusade but no pilgrimage). Also fight in Livonia.

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Alexander Nevsky

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13th C. Prince of Novgorod. Battle of the Ice - Nevsky defeats the teutonic knights and the king of sweden. Becomes vassal to mongols and stops russian revolt vs. mongols, but prevents mongols from invading and taking over Russia.

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Henry II of England

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12th C. controls Angevin Empire (england, ireland, and parts of W france). Starts eyre court with jury and justices who are new men (non-nobles loyal to king), the jury was 12 knights from a town who reported people suspected of crimes to the judges and had arrest powers until the judges arrived. wants to control and systemize church courts - appoints friend Thomas Benedict to archbishop of canterbury, and Benedict resigns from chancellor position and takes religious job quite seriously. becket forced into exile and excommunicates bishops loyal to henry. killed by knights of henry. henry blamed.

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justices in eyre

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judges appointed by the king. royal court system. administer justice in king's name and usurp local customs. created by Henry I, Henry II adds to it and makes the justices new men. 12th C.

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exchequer

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English official. created by Henry I in 12th C. kept track of what taxes are due from sheriffs on behalf of king. Had pipe rolls (parchment rolls that record tax accounts) that they stored in an archive.

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Thomas Becket

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An English Archbishop who challenged the authority of King Henry II. This challenge to royal power led to the King instigating an assassination attempt that resulted in the killing of Becket. The death of Becket led to a falling out between the Pope and the King, resulting in a chapter in the struggle of Papal vs. Royal authority.

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quod omnes tangit

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that which affects all people must be approved by all people. The king's decisions affect all (taxes, war, laws). This idea came along with the creation of representative assemblies.

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parliament

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in 11/12th C used a synonym for colloquia. Then becomes an institution - representation: people speaking on behalf of the community. power: can make decisions without the king. have predictable meetings, autonomous, legal power. How is one created? - either they just claim the power, or revolt, win and demand parliament, king just starts to consider people as representatives of whole community.

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King John of England

answer

1199-1216. Gets in a conflict with Philip II of France who was interfering with john's marriage. Gets in argument with Innocent III and Innocent excommunicates him and all England. Priests don't perform any sacraments from 1208-1213. Abuses scutage (tax paid instead of military service - just wants $). Abuses aids (fees collected for special occasions). Loses Battle of Bouvines to Philip. Barons revolt and make him sign the Magna Carta.

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guild

answer

group of people pursuing a specific craft and joining together in an exclusive association to protect against competition and provide mutual support. classify workers into groups. training and quality control. wool cloth becomes a major economic activity, and there are many cloth guilds.

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bill of exchange

answer

starts in 12th C. you give $ to a bank and tell them where you're going. you go to another country and get $ in that place's local currency from a partner bank. don't have to carry coins around.

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ducat

answer

gold coin used for trade. gold venice ducat had widespread acceptance.

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usury

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charge interest on loans. illegal and sinful. merchants are pissed about this, so they find ways around it (expressing interest as fees). This makes some merchants worry about their religious life.

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commune

answer

emerges in early 12th C. as new controlling government in Italy. parts: assembly - at first only approve bishops, then gain other powers such as decision and law making. consuls: smaller group of people who act out the decisions of the assembly. nobles and merchants make up these groups.

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consorteria

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a noble clan. in italy. there was a family at its center, but it included the extended family, household, allies, clients, vassals, etc. they shared property and the obligation of protecting the family. these families would build towers. These consorteria would compete among each other for the consulship.

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podestà

answer

late 12th C Italian gov. One person in charge of all branches of government over consuls and assembly. They were brought in from an outside city so as to not have factional ties. 6 month to 1 year terms. paid salary. submit to audit before receiving salary.

question

Lombard League

answer

started in 1167 to drive out HRE Frederick I who was attempting to take control of Italy. league of cities. supported by pope.

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oblation

answer

payments paid to priest for the services he performs (baptism, funeral).

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glebe

answer

land within a village given to a vicar (designated subordinate who carries out the work in the church)

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clandestine marriage

answer

This is a marriage without witnesses, one of whom would be a priest or deacon. Lateran 4 claims that it is sinful but valid. marriage as sacrament.

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consanguinity

answer

degrees of consanguinity (separation of kinship) - lateran 4 says you can marry someone more than 4 degrees away. marriage as sacrament.

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concubinage

answer

legal, but not a marriage. no legal document, no exchange of gifts, not religious. affection present and the two share a household. only 1 concubine at a time, no wife too. children are not legitimate, but are natural (kid of people who could marry legally but haven't) and kids can inherit the land. many priests had concubines, although the church didn't allow it.

question

humors

answer

four total in the human body, the blood, the choler (red or yellow bile), the phlegm, and the melancholy (black bile). Healthy bodies have an equal balance of all four, so to treat illness a doctor must equalize the humors.

question

Peter Abelard

answer

a wandering scholar who creates the field of theology. Believed people should study God in a logical way so look at world not scripture. Came up with scholasticism which was a new popular style of debate. Wrote the sic et non.

question

university

answer

a guild for masters and students usually run by Dominicans. It had legal jurisdiction over students which is important because it took away power from city governments and bishops, so universities were backed by the pope and emperors.

question

disputation

answer

a required college debate for students that is presided over by a master in university. Is broken into three sections, the Quaestio (question posed), Disputatio (dispute), Sentencia (answer determined).

question

Gratian

answer

author of the Decretum. Essentially a textbook for law set up in the scholastic style of debate. Not approved by pope but the book is spread out across Europe and has common usage. Also combines Canon Law with Roman Law.

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gloss

answer

commentary on the side of the Decretum. Added under order of pope Gregory IX

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Pope Innocent III

answer

(1198-1216) He makes papal monarchy bigger by claiming that he represents Christ on Earth not St. Peter (which used to be a title only reserved for kings). He also improves pastoral care to ensure education and brings about the Franciscan Order to fight heresy. Lateran 4. called for Albigensian crusade against Cathars and ones vs muslims and endless crusade in Livonia.

question

Fourth Lateran Council

answer

an Ecumenial Council called in 1215 by Pope Innocent III where all verdicts made are canon. Most important new canons are One (Doctrine of real presence, make transubstantiation canon. Directed against the cathars. Makes the Seven Sacraments doctrine), Two (Can't have unlicensed preachers. Involves using the secular arm in Albeginian Crusade and how to excommunicate people. Against Beguines women), Four (restrictions against Greeks, mainly those that live in Italy. Must do Eucharist at Easter. Must do confession) and 67-70 (You can't make money without having proper work). It's 6.23 in Rosenwein.

question

papal monarchy

answer

truly became a new idea during the Fourth Lateran Council when Pope Innocent III dictated what the new canons would be despite the council being there to decide upon the new canons. Also, pope called the council which used to be only called by the Holy Roman Emperor before

question

transubstantiation

answer

the wine and bread served at Catholic Mass is truly the body and blood of Christ when eaten/drunk. Becomes canon law at Lateran IV in 1215.

question

Peter Waldo

answer

wealthy merchant. inspired by acts of the apostles and goes to school of theology - instructed to and then gives up material possessions - gives land to wife - begs for food. He and his men were originally supported by papacy, but then forbidden to preach. continued to preach. declared heretics.

question

vita apostolica

answer

apostolic life. try to follow the saints' lives (poverty, preaching). 12th C. There are various groups who attempt to follow this ideal, and many are proclaimed heretics.

question

Dominicans

answer

a Monastic Order that is an order of preachers also called Friars. Important to the conversion of heretics because they preach, are mendicants (beggars), and travel. Their vows are: 1. obedience 2. Stability (can't leave monastery) 3. a change of life. End up running the Inquisition.

question

Franciscans

answer

Monastic "Order of Little Brothers". Not bound to stability and don't have monasteries, making them unique from Dominicans and Benedictines, because they stay in the world. Have vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. They have friars and are mendicant. Controversy over donations received between Spirituals (Don't believe in money collectively or individually) v. Conventuals (collectively have money that pope "owns" but order uses it).

question

persecuting society

answer

high medieval society as a persecuting society: purist movement in the church (jews and others as scapegoats), social changes, government centralization (using newfound authority against someone),

question

inquisition

answer

an ecclesiastical tribunal established by Pope Gregory IX in 1232 for the suppression of heresy. It was active chiefly in northern Italy and southern France, becoming notorious for the use of torture and having unfair trials. Caused by Gregorian reform and massive social change/upheaval.

question

Batu

answer

grandson of Ghanghis Khan who in 1236 conquers many areas of Russia and continues West into Novgorod and Hungary. Called off due to succession problems in the East.

question

Golden Horde

answer

One of four States of the Mongol Empire. It includes most of Russia and they were required to have 10% of the male population join the army, pay both the Dan' and tamgha tax, and make the Russian princes vassals of the Great Khan.

question

Pope Innocent IV

answer

sends Franciscans as envoys to the Great Khan Guyuk in 1245 to explain the Christian God to Guyuk. Guyuk says no because he is winning God must be on his side not the Popes.

question

Yersinia pestis

answer

The Black Death, there are three types: 1. Bubonic (lymph nodes, slow death) 2. Pneumonic (lungs, moderate length death) 3. Septicemic (blood, fast death). Responsible for killing off about ⅓ of Europeans and instigating various cults and economic changes.

question

flagellant

answer

started in 13/14th C. people start beating themselves. This becomes more popular during the plague as a way for people to punish themselves for their sins.

question

Statute of Laborers

answer

14th C. English law that prevents peasants and other non-rich people from demanding an increase in their wages and moving to find a higher wage during the black plague (limited workforce = demand higher wages). Didn't work as planned.

question

Hundred Years' War

answer

1337-1453. Edward III (married to daughter of now dead king of France) vs. Philip IV (count of Valois and cousin to daughter of deceased king). Philip becomes king. Edward gets pissed. First part of war - english have upper hand with their long bows. Joan of Ark gets some visions that she should lead the french into battle. she does, gains advantage. french invent cannons and gain support of Burgundy and win.

question

Wat Tyler

answer

People get pissed about the poll tax in England. Wat Tyler leads the rebellion. What do they want? serfdom abolished, taxes only on land (not poll tax). Who do they attack? archbishop, clergy, royal tax collectors, judges, and mayors, lawyers, and nobles. They are loyal, however, to the king. But the king is worried that he will be killed. King agrees to meet with them. Tyler gets in spat with mayor of London, tyler killed. peasants fall to ground and plead for mercy. king sends them home. arrest them and fine them back home.

question

Sultan Mehmed II

answer

Ottoman. Takes power in 1444. takes control of constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine empire. Establishes the Ottoman Empire as a major European and Middle Eastern power.

question

Avignon papacy

answer

(1309-1377) When Pope Boniface VIII dies a new French pope takes his place and lives in Avignon due to the unstable political situation in Rome and the trouble with Philip IV of France. All the popes following him live in Avignon, throughout the schism, until the Council of Constance elects a new pope who lives in Rome.

question

Philip IV of France

answer

The king of France who taxed clery to pay for his war with England (but kings aren't supposed to be allowed to tax unless there is a crusade) and then arrests a bishop for treason (should have been tried in a church court, but isn't). Pope Boniface VIII excommunicates Philip after Philip's soldiers attack him and Philip accuses him of being sacrilegious. Helps to instil the Avignon Papacy after Pope Boniface VIII dies.

question

Council of Constance

answer

(1414-1418). This was the second council meeting to deal with the The Great Schism and it had political as well as national involvement. Ultimately, all three popes were disposed of and Martin V was elected the new pope. He became pope with the conditions that it became law to have councils meet semi-regularly.

question

Corpus Christi

answer

"the body of Christ". A new holiday due to Margery Kempe following a new trend where people insert themselves in the the bible stories and God

question

humanism

answer

a renaissance idea where you emphasize the importance of the human as opposed to the divine.

question

incunable

answer

a printed book produced between 1450-1500. Even though printed, it looks a lot like a manuscript

question

portolan chart

answer

navigational maps based on compass directions and estimated distances observed by the pilots at sea. First made in 13th C.

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