Unit 1 – Microbiology – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Leeuwenhoek |
answer
| 'Discovered' the previously unknown microbial world, dubbed the creatures 'beasties.' |
question
| Fungi |
answer
| Heterotrophic eukaryotes with cell walls. |
question
| Molds |
answer
| Multicellular organisms which sporulate into long intertwined filaments. (Fungi) |
question
| Yeasts |
answer
| Unicellular oviods which reproduce asexually through budding. (Fungi) |
question
| Protazoa |
answer
| Single cell eukaryotes capable of motion. |
question
| Algae |
answer
| Photosynthetic eukaryotes, categorized by their pigmentation and cell walls. |
question
| Unicellular Algae |
answer
| Provide most of the world's O2 through photosynthesis, and are a major food source for marine life. |
question
| Parasitic Worms |
answer
| Most grow to a visible size, but their microscopic eggs can be found in blood, feces, urine,and lymph specimens. |
question
| Viruses |
answer
| Acellular parasites composed of DNA and RNA, not visible under light micrscope. |
question
| Abiogenesis |
answer
| Spontaneous generation of life, theory proposed by Aristotle. |
question
| Redi |
answer
| Exposed meat to flies, theorized that "animals come from animals." |
question
| Needham |
answer
| His experiments confirmed the idea of abiogenesis. |
question
| Spallanzi |
answer
| Disproved Needham's experiment. |
question
| Pasteur |
answer
| Put the idea of Abiogenesis to rest. |
question
| Pasteur |
answer
| His work solidified the scientific method. |
question
| Theories or Laws |
answer
| Accepted hypothesises which can explain many observations and be repeated. |
question
| Control Groups |
answer
| Necessary for an experiment to be identified as valid. |
question
| Fermentation |
answer
| Causes the formation of alcohol to sugar, the formation of lactic acid, and the putrefication of meat. |
question
| Yeast |
answer
| Category of microbes responsible for fermentation. |
question
| Biotechnology/Industrial Microbiology |
answer
| Filed begun by Pasteur, microbes being intentionally used to manufacture products. |
question
| Buchner |
answer
| His experiments demonstrated the existence of enzymes. He also began the study of biochemistry (study of cellular metabolism). |
question
| Germ Theory of Disease |
answer
| Pasteur's theory, disease is caused by a specific pathogen. (only applies to;infectious;disease) |
question
| Etiology |
answer
| Field founded by Koch, the study of causation of disease. |
question
| Koch |
answer
| Discovered disease which causes anthrax, grew multiple bacteria on agar plates. |
question
| Koch |
answer
| Took the first photomicrograph of bacteria, as well as the first photograph of bacteria in diseased tissue. |
question
| Koch |
answer
| Used sterile lab techniques |
question
| Beijernick |
answer
| Pioneered the idea of a filterable virus - non bacterial pathogens which were small enough to go through filters. |
question
| Nosocomial Infections |
answer
| Infections which occur in a healthcare setting. |
question
| Semmelweis |
answer
| Wanted med students to wash their hands, to rid them of "cadaver particles." |
question
| Lister |
answer
| Dressed and sprayed wounds with carbolic acid (phenol). |
question
| Epidemiology |
answer
| Study of;occurrence;of distribution and spread of disease in humans, founded by Snow. |
question
| Immunology |
answer
| Field founded by Jenner, using vaccines to prevent disease. |
question
| Ehlich |
answer
| Sold "magic bullets," after finding that different chemicals could be used to kill microbes differently. |
question
| Biochemistry |
answer
| Study of metabolic reactions which occur in all living organisms. |
question
| Molecular Biology |
answer
| Study of genome sequencing and evolutionary relationships. |
question
| Woose |
answer
| Divided organisms into 3 groups: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes. |
question
| Gene Therapy |
answer
| The insertion or repair of missing or defective genes. |
question
| Serology |
answer
| The study of blood serum. |
question
|
answer
| 4 Requirements of Life |
question
| Taxis |
answer
| Response to environmental stimuli. |
question
| Organelles |
answer
| Specialized structures within a cell. |
question
| Glycocalyx |
answer
| Gelatinous;substance surrounding the outside of a cell, composed of polyaccharides or polypeptides. Helps to prevent against;desiccation, and good for attachment of cells. Present in archaea, bacteria, and animal eukaryotic cells. |
question
| Capsule |
answer
| Type of glycocalyx, composed of organized repeating units which are firmly attached to cell surface, may prevent bacteria from being recognized by host. |
question
| Slimy Layer |
answer
| Type of glycocalyx. Loosely attached, water soluble layers which no not increase the virulence of bacteria. |
question
| Flagella. |
answer
| Long structures which extend beyond the cell surface, responsible for motility. |
question
| Filament |
answer
| Composed of gobular proteins called flagillin. |
question
| Basal Body |
answer
| Anchors the filament and hook to a cell wall by a rod and series of either two or four rings of integral proteins. |
question
| Runs |
answer
| Counter clockwise unified movement.; |
question
| Tumbles |
answer
| Clockwise independent movement.; |
question
| Positive Taxis |
answer
| Movement toward favorable stimuli |
question
| Negative Taxis |
answer
| Movement away from negative stimuli |
question
| Fimbrae |
answer
| Sticky bristle like projections all over a cell, allow for attachment to other bacteria or cells, ex. biofilms. |
question
| Biofilms |
answer
| Slimy masses of microbes adhering to a substrate using fimbrae and glyocalyx. |
question
| Pili |
answer
| Allows for the transfer of genetic information between cells. |
question
|
answer
| Two glycan proteins which compose the peptidoglyan in bacteria cell walls. |
question
| Gram Positive Bacteria |
answer
|
question
| Gram Negative Bacteria |
answer
|
question
| lipid a |
answer
| The lipid portion of LPS, very toxic and cancause damage if the cell is destroyed |
question
| periplasmic space |
answer
| Space between outer and inner membranes, contains periplasam. |
question
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
answer
| Type of bacteria without a cell wall. |
question
| Mycobacterium |
answer
| Contain mycolic acid, which results in the need for an acid-fast stain. |
question
| Cytoplasmic Membrane |
answer
| Composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which can be described using the fluid mosaic model. Selectively permeable. |
question
|
answer
| Name the 3 passive processes. |
question
| Diffusion |
answer
| Movement from high concentration to low concentration of small or lipid soluble chemicals. |
question
| Facilitated Diffusion |
answer
| Membrane proteins provide pathways for large or electrically charged molecules. Maintain the electrical gradient. |
question
| Permease |
answer
| Proteins used in facilitated diffusion, which have a specific binding site for one substance. |
question
| Osmosis |
answer
| Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
question
| Isotonic |
answer
| Same water concentration across membrane. |
question
| Hypertonic |
answer
| Higher concentration of solute vs. water. |
question
| Hypotonic |
answer
| Lower concnetration of solute vs. water. |
question
| Uniport |
answer
| Transport of one substance. |
question
| Antiport |
answer
| Transport of two chemicals in the;opposite;direction. |
question
| Symport |
answer
| Two substances moving in the same direction |
question
| Coupled Transport |
answer
| The use of one chemical's electrical gradient to transport a second chemical. |
question
| Group Translocation |
answer
| Substance being transported is chemically changed. |
question
| Cytosol |
answer
| The mostly water, liquid portion of cytoplasm |
question
| Cytoplasm |
answer
| Composed of cytosol, inclusions, ribosomes, and the cytoskeleton |
question
| Nucleoid |
answer
| The region in prokaryotes which contains the cell's DNA(usually one circular ring), also the site of some chemical reactions. |
question
| Inclusions |
answer
| Deposits in cytosol, whichcontain lipids, starch, N, P, or S.Used when nutrients are scarce. |
question
| Endospore |
answer
| Vegetative cell transforms into this when under stress. |
question
| Sporulation |
answer
| The 8 to 10 hour process of endospore formation, can form centrally, suberminally, or terminally. |
question
| Ribosomes |
answer
| Found in cytoplasm, and the site of protein synthesis in bacterial cells.; |
question
| Hami |
answer
| Numerous helical filaments on archaea, which 'hook' archaea to surfaces. |
question
| Binary Fission |
answer
1) Cell replicates its DNA 2) Cytoplasmic membrane elongates 4) Wall completely forms 5) Daughter cells separates |
question
| Snapping Diffsion |
answer
| Reproductive process of some gram positive bacilli. |
question
| Spores |
answer
| Repoductive cells which can develop into clones of the original. |
question
| Budding |
answer
| Out growth of the original cell develops, and is eventually cut off. |
question
| Fragmentation |
answer
| Reproductive development of small motile filaments, which leave parental cell. |
question
| Viviparity |
answer
| Reproductive process of only Epulospicscum, live offspring emerge from dead mother cell. |
question
| Methonine |
answer
| Start codon of archaea. |
question
| Hyperthermophiles |
answer
| Require 80C+ to function |
question
| Halophiles |
answer
Live in extremely saline environments. Need ; 9% NaCl to live |
question
| Bacteriodopsins |
answer
| Pigments in halophiles which absorb light energy to pump proteins. |
question
| Methanogens |
answer
Convert CO2 and H2 to CH4 Responsible for major greenhouse gas |
question
| Deeply Branching Bacteria |
answer
| Autotrophs which "branched" off the tree of life very early, live in hot acidic environments. |
question
| Photosynthetic Lamellae |
answer
| Pigments located in thylakoids where light is absorbed for photosynthesis. |
question
| Cyanobacteria |
answer
| Oxygenic gram negative cocci which are Nitrogen Fixers. |
question
| Oxygenic |
answer
| Type of organisms which generate oxygen using chrlorophyl a. |
question
| Nitrogen Fixation |
answer
| Reduction of N2 to NH3, ex. cyanobacteria. |
question
| Heterocysts |
answer
| Wall in a cell which eparates nitrogen fixation from oxygenic photosynthesis. |
question
| Green and Purple Phototropic Bacteria |
answer
| Use bacteriochlorophylls for photosynthesis,andare anoxygenic(don't generate oxygen). |
question
| dehydration |
answer
| loss of H+ |
question
| Substrate Level Phosphorylation |
answer
| Transfer of PO4 3- to ADP from a phosphorylated organic compound. |
question
| oxidative phosphorylation |
answer
| Energy from a redox reaction is used to transfer inorganic phosphate to ADP |
question
| Photophosphrylation |
answer
| light energy is used to transfer inorganic PO4 3- to ADP |
question
| Yes, ADP is "rechargeable." |
answer
| Can ADP be used to generate ATP more than once? |
question
| Enzymes |
answer
| Organic Catalysts |
question
| Hydrolases |
answer
| Enzyme that adds water in decomposition. |
question
| Isomeraes |
answer
| Enzymes which rearrange atoms within a molecule. |
question
| Neither |
answer
| Are Isomerases anabolic or catabolic? |
question
| Ligase/Polymerase |
answer
| Enzymes which join 2 molecules together. |
question
| Lysases |
answer
| Split large molecules without water. |
question
| Oxidoreductases |
answer
| Enzymes which oxidize or reduce substrates. |
question
| Transferases |
answer
| Enzymes which transfer functional groups between molecules. |
question
| Apoenzymes |
answer
| Enzymes which require cofactors to become activated. |
question
| Cofactor |
answer
| Non protein ions or coenzymes used to activate enzymes. |
question
| Holoenzyme |
answer
| apoenzyme + cofactor = |
question
| Ribozyme |
answer
| Enzymes made of RNA,they make protein enzymes. |
question
| Active Site |
answer
| The enzyme's functional site. |
question
| Cellular Respiration |
answer
| Breakdown of glucose into CO2 and H2O |
