Test 1 Review Test Questions – Flashcards
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| Types of Microoganisms |
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| bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminths, and fungi; (majority single celled) |
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| Viruses |
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| can be single or double cellular, genetic parasites, protein-coated, either RNA(only a virus thing) or DNA, cannot reproduce on their own, cannot metabolize (not considered "living") |
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| Eukaryotic |
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| single-celled organism, true nucleus and organelles; only some considered microorganisms |
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| Prokaryotic |
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| tiny cells; no true nucleus; all considered microorganisms |
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| Photosynthesis |
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| the light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material, accompanied by the formation of oxygen |
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| Bioremediation |
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| process involves the introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants |
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| Pathogens |
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| any agent (microorganism) that causes disease |
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| Organelles |
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| double-membrane bound structures in eukaryotic cells; perform specific functions and include the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts |
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| Characteristics of Living Things |
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| Reproduction, response to stimuli, obtain & use energy (metabolism), genetic inheritance, evolve/adapt, organized/ordered, cell is basic unit of life |
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| Koch's Postulates |
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| verified Germ Theory of Disease with his study on anthrax; series of proofs: culture to reproduce in animal to again a pure culture is a proof |
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| Levels of Classification |
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| Domain, kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species |
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| Protozoa |
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| Protists; always single-cellular, eukaryotic cells; have cell membrane(not wall); trophozoite(motile feeding stage); cyst (resting stage) |
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| Tree of life |
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| prokaryotes(earliest cell)-to-eukaryotes; division algae-to-plants and fungi-to-animals-to protists(amoebas) |
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| Endosymbiosis |
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| (emergence of Eurkaryotic cell) large prokaryote engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells that began to live and reproduce inside the large cell |
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| Fungi |
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| microorganisms; may be unicellular or multicellular; have cell wall; most grow in loose colonies (except mycelium) |
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| Algae |
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| Protist microorganisms; may be unicellular or multicellular; most have cell wall; photosynthesize |
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| Helminths |
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| Always multicellular (have unicellular larval forms or egg) |
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| Cilia |
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| (9+2) arrangement; locomotor appendage; finer, shorter, much more numerous |
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| Categorizations of microorganisms |
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| cellular organization, prokaryote/eukaryote, size, lifestyle (free-living, (non-)symbiotic |
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| Hyphae |
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| long, threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi or molds |
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| Flagella |
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| (9+2) arrangement; locomotor appendage; longer, less of |
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| Glycocalyx |
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| outermost boundary in most eukaryotic cells; direct contact with environment; superior to the cell wall or cell membrane |
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| Nucleolus |
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| sits for ribosomal RNA synthesis |
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| Cytoplasmic Membrane |
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| typical bi-layer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded; selectively permeable barriers (products in-waste out) |
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| (rough and smooth) tunnels used in transport and storage; SER is a closed tubular without ribosomes |
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| appears rough because of large number of ribosomes partly attached to its membrane surface; proteins synthesized on the ribosomes are held there |
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| Golgi Apparatus |
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| cell in which proteins are modified and then sent to final destinations |
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| Lysosome |
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| orig. Golgi body; contains enzymes involved in intracellular digestion of food particles and protection |
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| Chloroplasts |
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| Found in plants and algae; organelles capable of converting the energy from sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis |
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| Ribosomes |
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| in cytoplasm; protein synthesizers |
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| Microscopic fungi types |
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| are either yeasts or hyphae |
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| heterotrophic |
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| (all fungi) relies on nutrients produced by other organic materials called substrates |
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| Saprobes |
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| (most fungi) obtain substrates (organic material) from the remnants of dead plants and animals |
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| mycoses |
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| fungal infections |
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| mycelium |
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| woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that make up the body of mold |
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| Septa (septate) |
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| dividing cross walls of hyphae segments |
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| Sick Building Syndrome |
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| fungi that give off airborne spores and toxins that when inhaled can be pathogenic; e.g. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Clodosporium, and Stachybotrys |
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| Sporangiospores |
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| (asexual spore formation) formed by successive cleavages within a scalike head called a sporangium, which is attached to a stalk, the sprangiophore. These spores are initially enclosed but are released when the sprangium ruptures. |
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| Conidiopores (conidia) |
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| (asexual spore formation)free spores, not enclosed; develop either by the pinching off of the tip of a special fertile hypha or by the segmentation of a preexisting vegetative hypha |
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| Dermatophytosis |
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| (ringworm/athletes foot) Microsporum, Trichophyton; fungal infection of epidermis, hair, dermis |
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| Candidiasis |
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| (yeast infection) Candida albicans; fungal infection of mucous membrane |
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| Cryptococcosis |
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| Cryptococcus neoformans; fungal infection of lung tissue |
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| Protists |
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| algae and protozoa; survival limited by moisture |
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| Giardia lamblia |
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| Giardiases (intestinal disease); caused by pathogenic protozoa (animals, water, food) |
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| Trichomonas vaginalis |
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| Tichomoniasis (vaginal symptoms); pathogenic protozoa (human) |
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| Trypanosoma brucei, T. cruzi |
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| Typanosomiasis (intestinal distress and widespread organ damage); pathogenic protozoa (animals, vector-borne) |
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| Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae |
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| Malaria (cardiovascular and other symptoms) pathogenic protozoa (humans, vector-borne) |
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| Parasitic worms |
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| flatworms and roundworms(nematodes) |
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| Hermaphroditic |
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| male and female sex organs are in the same [worm] |
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| Taenia solium |
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| pork tapeworm (consumption of undercooked or raw pork) |
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| Enterobius vermicularis |
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| Pinworm (close contact) |
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| Capsid |
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| (shell) protein covering in viruses; surrounds nucleic acid |
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| Nucleocapsid |
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| collective term of the nucleic acid and capsid coating |
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| Envelope |
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| found in 13 families of animal viruses; the extra covering external to the capsid; viruses without are "naked" |
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| Spike |
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| proteins on the outside of both enveloped and non viruses that allow docking with the host |
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| Virion |
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| fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell |
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| Capsomers |
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| subunits of the capsid; individual geometric protein molecules |
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| helical |
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| rod shaaped capsomers that bond together to form a series of hollow discs resembling a bracelet |
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| icosahedron |
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| 3D, 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners; can be made up of different capsomers |
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| bacteriophage |
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| most often contain double stranded DNA; complex viruses that infect bacteria; look like insect because of spindly tail fibers |
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| positive sense RNA |
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| single stranded RNA genomes that are ready for immediate translation into proteins |
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| Negative Sense RNA |
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| other RNA genomes, beyond single stranded, that must be converted to proper form because they can be translated into proteins |
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| Retrovirus |
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| RNA viruses that can convert their genome into a double stranded DNA that can be inserted into host's chromosomes |
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| Polymerase |
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| enzyme that produces polymers |
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| Polymers |
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| macromolecules made up of a chain of repeating units (e.g. DNA, starch, protein) |
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| Reverse transcriptase |
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| synthesizes DNA from RNA |
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| Viridae |
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| family suffix for viruses |
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| -virus |
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| Genus/species suffix for viruses |
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| Virales |
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| Order suffix for viruses |
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| General phases in life cycle of animal viruses |
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| adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, and release from hose cell. |
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| adsorption |
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| attachment of virus to host by way of receptor sites; in enveloped forms, glycoprotein spikes bind to the cell membrane receptors |
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| tropisms |
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| because of host range- attack only certain tissue specificities |
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| Endocytosis |
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| penetration of a cell by a virus where the entire virus is engulfed by the cell and enclosed in a vacuole or vesicle |
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| penetration |
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| step two for viruses; can happen by edocytosis (engulfment) or direct fusion of viral envelope with the host cell membrane |
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| uncoated |
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| third step for viral multiplication cylce; viral RNA is freed into the cell cytoplasm |
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| Synthesis |
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| 4th step in VMC; Virus manipulates cell to synthesize new viruses |
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| Assembly |
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| 5th spike proteins are added to cell membrane, nucleocapsid is formed |
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| Release |
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| 6th stage VMC; enveloped viruses bud off with new virus characteristics |
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| Prions |
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| fibrils; agents of disease; protein virus like qualities |
