serology,fungus,immunizations – Flashcards
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| What are the five types of serology tests? |
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1.Precipitation 2.Agglutination 3.Neutralizing tests 4.Complement fixation 5.Labeled Abs |
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| What kind of Ag would you have to do a percipitation test? |
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| Soluble (small) Ag |
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| What are the two types of precipitation tests we learned? |
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Immunodiffusion precipitation tests (tubes) Double immunodiffusion Precipitation tests(wells cut in agar) |
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| What is the Titer? |
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| The last tube to show a reaction |
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| With what ags would you use an agglutination test? |
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| Non soluble (big stuff) |
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| In an agglutination test if positive at percentage how will tube look? |
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| Cloudy, if it is neg at percentage it will be clear with a button on botttom |
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| What does antimicrobial drugs target when fighting bacteria? |
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| Cell wall, 70s ribosomes, their specific enzymes |
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| How does the viral neutralization test work? |
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| Mix Viruses with patients serum,add mix to cultured cells if the patient had been exposed to virus previously cultured cells will be fine if not some will die |
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| How does compliment fixation test work? |
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| You addd serum,ag,and compliment let incubate, then add abs for sheep rbc, and sheep rbc. Iff patient has been exposed to ag, ag will bond to compliment if not it joins to rbc and kills it |
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| In compliment fixation what would a positive test look like? a negative one? |
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| positive would be cloudy pink, negative clear |
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| How does a labeled ab test work? |
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| Attach fluorescent die to preselected abs, put on sample, and then look thru microscope with uv light, the desired cells will glow |
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| How does an ELISA test work? |
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| You use special wells with ags stuck on bottom, add serum, wash and incubate, add abs from mouse that bind to human ab, wash and add reagents that will change color if positive |
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| What is a passive immunity immunization? |
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| When you inject the patient directly with antibodies |
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| What does a passive immunity immunization protect against? |
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Toxins such as venom, tetanus, and botilism Viruses such as measles,hepatitis and rabies |
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| What are the problems with passive immunity immunizations? |
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| No memory cells produced, and can cause type 1 hypersensitivity |
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| What is active immunity immunizations? |
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| Vacccines |
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| If the disease has a short incubation period what type of response is preferred? |
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| B-cell (humoral response) |
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| What type of Ags would you want to fight with a b cell response vaccine? |
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| exogenous ags, toxins,some enzymes,some bact, and some viruses |
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| What type of vaccine is used for a b-cell response? |
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| Dead or inactivated |
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| What type of response would you want form a vaccine if the ag has a long incubation period? |
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| T-cell response (cell mediated) |
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| What type of ag would fight with a t-cell response vaccine? |
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| Endogenous ags, most viruses, some bacteria |
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| What type of vaccine do you use to get a cell mediated response? |
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| Attenuated or still alive and active |
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| What are the benefits of using an attenuated vaccine? |
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| More memory cells,no booster req. |
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| How do you make an attenuated virus? |
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| You grow them in another media such as monkey kidney or duck embryo, grow several generations untill ag mutates to a point where it has more of a affinitiy towards the cells its grown in than human cells |
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| What are the disadvantages of attenuated vaccines? |
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Reversion(can mutate back and cause infection) Other viruses( you can get something you didnt intend) |
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| How do you use Recombinant DNA to make synthetic peptide vaccines? |
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| Dissolve the path and take a preselected piece of DNA, open a plasmid and insert piece of DNA use ligase to join two together, Put plasmid in a vile of bacteria or yeast and use heat shock to cause transformation, grow the changed bacteria and get the ag from them |
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| What are the six types of improved recombinant DNA vaccines? |
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1.solid matrix 2.liposome 3.micell formations 4.gene deletions 5.Vector Vaccines 6.DNA vaccines |
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| What are adjuvants? |
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| Substances that help cause immune response by keeping ag in one spot,induce granuloma formation,and stimulate lymphocyte proliferation |
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| What are four examples of adjuvants? |
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1.Aluminum potassium sulfate 2.com 4.plete freunds adjuvant 3.monosporyl lipid a 4.saponins |
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| What are the five types of drug resistance? |
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A.Enzymes B.Mutations in target enzymes C.Efflux pumps D.Porins E.Biofilms |
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| What does antimicrobial drugs target when they fight fungi? |
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| Ergosterol |
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| What are the two classifications of antimicrobial drugs? |
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Cidal (kills path) Static (slow path down) |
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| What does the drug B-lactams do? |
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| Binds to penicillin binding proteins inhibiting the formation of the protein cross links between the NAM is cidal |
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| How does the drug Vancomycin work? |
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| Stops the alanine in the crosslinks from joining. Is cidal |
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| How does the drug Bacitracin work? |
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| It stops the secretion of NAG and NAM, it keeps it inside cell causes lysis |
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| How does the drug Aminoglycosides work? |
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| It binds to the a site on 70s ribosomes changes the shape of the a site which changes shape of mrna which produces malformed proteins |
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| How does the drug tetracycline work? |
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| Blocks the a site stopping protein production |
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| How does the drug Chloramphenicol work? |
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| binds to the 50s sub unit stopping the enzymatic acitivity of making peptide bonds |
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| How does the drug microlides work? |
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| Binds and stops ribosome from moving to the next codon |
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| How do sulfonamide drugs work? |
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| Binds to the enzyme that makes folic acid stopping folic acid formation. no folic acid no dna/rna |
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| Name the eight bacterial drugs |
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B-lactams,Vancomycin,Bacitracin, Aminoglycosides,Tetracycline,Chloramphenicol,microlides, Sulfanomides |
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| Name the three types of anti-fungal drugs |
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A. Terbinafide B. Azoles C. Polyenes |
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| How does the anti-fungal drug Terbinafine work? |
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| Taken orally or topically collects in keratonizes tissue,binds to the enzyme that turns lanosterol into ergosterol stops cell cycle |
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| How does the anti-fungal drug Azoles Work? |
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| Taken oraly or topically, binds to enzymes that change lanosterol into ergosterol stopping cell cycle. DOES NOT COLLECT IN KERATINIZED TISSUE |
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| How does the anti-fungal drug polyenes work? |
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| it binds to ergosterol and causes a pore in membrane which causes cell lysis |
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| Why can the Anti-fungal drug Polyenes be dangerous? |
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| it can bind to cholesterol as well causing our cells to die |
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| How can you make polenes safer to use? |
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| By putting it in a liposome |
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| What are the three types of anti-viral drugs? |
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| Nucleotide analogs,drugs that block entry into the cell, protease inhibitors |
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| Division Zygomycota asexual reproduction |
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| Division Zygomycota sexual reproduction |
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| What is a basidiocarp? |
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| A mushroom |
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| Basidiomycota sexual reproduction |
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| Division Ascomycota asexual reproduction |
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| Division Ascomycota Sexual reproduction |
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| What categorization of fungi have no sexual cycle? |
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| Deuteromycota |
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| What are the two major pathogens in candida infections? |
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Candida Albicans Candida Glabrata |
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| Where can you get Candida infections? |
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| Cutaneous,mucosal (yeast infection),oral thrush,and can get systemic |
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| What pathogen causes most yeast infections? |
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| Candida Albicans |
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| What is the cause of yeast infections in most women? |
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| Too much estrogen |
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| Why are candida infections drug resistant? |
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| Have many efflux pumps, otc drugs hve created stronger strains |
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| Where do you usually get cryptococcus neoformans? |
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| Bird poop mostly pigeon |
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| Name the three types of superficial mycosis |
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1.Black piedra 2.White piedra 3.Tinea Versicolor |
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| What causes black piedra and what is it? |
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| Piedraia hortai, it is a harmless infection of the hair |
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| What causes White piedra and what is it? |
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| Trichosporon beigelii, it is found on the mustache and beard |
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| What causes Tinea Versicolor and what is it? |
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| Malessezia furfur harmless infection on skin shows when you tan |
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| What are the three species of Dermatophytes that cause ring worm? |
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Epidermaphyton Microsporum Trichophyton |
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| What causes san jouquin valley fever? |
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| Coccidioides immitis |
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| What are the types of disease you can get from Coccidioides immitis? |
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Primary pulmonary infection (not serious) Cutaneous(rare) Valley fever (women only) Disseminated(fatal) |
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| What are the symptoms of valley fever? |
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| Red bumps,desert rhumatism,conjunctavitis |
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| What happens when coccidioides immitis becomes disseminated? |
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| It spreads to different parts of the body and creates nodules, fatal if not treated |
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| What causes aspergillosis? |
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| Aspergillus |
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| What does Aspergillus do to you? |
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| Creates a fungal ball in lungs but can spread to other parts of body |
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| How do you get aspergillus? |
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| if you are imunocompromised, have eye injury,and long exposure to spores |
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| How do you treat Aspergillus? |
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| Amphotericin B |
