NurseWillMicroBio – Flashcards
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| Primary Immunodeficiency |
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| Inherited - present at birth. Example SCID |
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| Secondary Immunodeficiency |
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| Acquired, triggered after birth - example AIDs |
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| Which immune defenses are adaptive and which cells are involved? |
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| 1. The Humoral Immunity involves the production of antibody molecules in response to an antigen and is mediated by B- Lymphocytes |
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| Type I Hypersensitivity |
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| Immediate - Anaphylaxis |
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| Type II Hypersensitivity |
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| Cytotoxic Reaction - Activation of Complement |
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| Type III Hypersensitivity |
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Immune Complex Reaction IgG - Arthus Reaction - Serum Sickness |
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| Type IV Hypersensitivity |
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Cell mediated - delayed reaction
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| Which hypersensitivity is involved in organ rejection? |
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| Type IV |
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| Allergy Desensitization |
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| Form of therapy aiming to weaken allergy reactions by exposing patient to gradually increasing doses of allergens - to naturally develop immunologic tolerance of substance |
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| Leukocytes - Granulocytes |
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Granular with lobed nuclei 'do not eat bananas' 1. Dendritic Cells (Phagocytic) 2. Neutrophils (Phagocytic) 50-70% 3. Eosinophils - Release chemicals to damage parasites 4. Basophils - release histamines/chemicals w/inflammation |
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| Leukocytes - Agranulocytes |
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Agranulocytes Llike Monkey's Kids 1. B- Lymphocytes 2. T- Lymphocytes 3. Monocytes - in tissues develop into macrophages which are phagocytic 4. NK Killer Cells |
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| Arrange the members of an ecosystem in the order of abundance: herbivores, producers, carnivores |
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1. producers(plants - produce their own food) 2. herbivores 3. carnivores |
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| Consumers |
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Animals are called consumers because they cannot make their own food such as what plants do so these consumers need to consume plants and or animals.
Heterotroph is a type of consumer |
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T or F Ecology is the study of abiotic elements of an ecosystem |
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F Abiotic and Biotic |
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| Arrange the elements of an ecosystem in order of increasing complexity: community, organism, ecosystem, population |
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1. Organism 2. Community 3. Population 4. Ecosystem |
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T or F
Energy and nutrients are recycled in a typical ecosystem. |
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F
Energy cannot be recycled |
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T or F
Saprophytes are involved in the decomposition of dead stuff. |
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T
Saprophytes secrete enzymes to digest dead bodies into nutrients to obtain them directly |
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T or F
Producers are also heterotrophs. |
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F
Producers are autotrophs |
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T or F
Fungi and bacteria that break down dead organisms into nutrients are autotrophs and saprophytes. |
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F
Not autotrophs
Just saprophytes |
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| Distinguish between a habitat and a niche |
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Habitat is the place where the population is located such as the woods, sea, garden.
niche is the organism's role within their habitat such as a fox being the predator of rabbits. |
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T or F
Herbivores outnumber carnivores in a typical ecosystem. |
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| T |
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| How does energy enter an ecosystem and approximately how much is transferred when an organism eats? |
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From the sun. 10% of it is transferred when an organism eats. |
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T or F
Barley is sprouted, and rice is inoculated with a non-yeast fugus, in order to convert starch to sugar for fermentation in the production of beer and saki respectively. |
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| T |
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| What purpose do yeast serve in the production of alcoholic beverages? |
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| Yeast is a beneficial microorganism that converts the sugars present in the juice into CO2. |
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| Which chemical conversion is needed to produce fermented milk products like yogurt and sour cream? |
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Milk can be fermented by inoculating fresh milk with the appropriate bacteria. As the bacteria grow, they convert milk sugar (lactose) to lactic acid.
The lowered pH caused by lactic acid prevents the growth of pathogens. |
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T or F
Production of yogurt, vinegar, wine, apple juice and soy sauce all involve microorganisms. |
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F
All but apple juice |
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In the nitrogen cycle
What changes Nitrogen gas to ammonia? |
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| Nitrogen fixing bacteria |
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| What type of disease could monoclonal antibodies be useful? |
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| One possible treatment for cancer involves monoclonal antibodies that bind only to cancer cells - specific antigens and induce an immunological response against the target cancer cells. |
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| How are monoclonal antibodies made? |
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| Monoclonal antibodies are typically made by fusing myeloma cells with the spleen cells from a mouse that has been immunized with the desired antigen. |
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| Which genetic library contains DNA only from expressed genes? |
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| cDNA library |
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| Difference between Innate and Adaptive immune defenses |
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Innate - Non specific Skin, mucous, bronchal pulmonary cilia
Adaptive - Specific Response is antigen dependent. Requires previous exposure. |
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| Abiotic |
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| Components of an ecosystem consisting of the nonorganic aspects of the environment. Example temperature, humidity, topography and natural disturbances |
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| Biotic |
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| Biotic - life forms of an ecosystem aid in the transfer and cycle of energy. |
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| Nitrogen Cycle and the ecosystem |
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| Nitrogen forms about 78% of the air on earth but plants do not use nitrogen directly from the air. This is because nitrogen itself is unreactive and cannot be used by green plants to make protein. Nitrogen gas therefore needs to be converted into nitrate compound in the soil by nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil, root nodules, lighting. |
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| In Type I, IgE activates what type of cells? |
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| In Type I, IgE activates mast cells. |
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| Which immunoglobulin is most abundant in humans? |
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| IgG antibodies are found in all body fluids. They are the smallest but most common (75%-80%) of all the antibodies in the body. |
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| 2 Steps in making vinegar. |
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| 1. Fermentation of sugar ---> Ethanol 2. Ethanol---> Acetic acid |
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| Which immunoglobulin is involved in Type I hypersensitivities? |
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| Type I is also known as Immediate or Anaphylactic hypersensitivity. Mediated by IgE |
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| Phagocytes |
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| White blood cells that protect the body by eating (phagocytizing) dirt, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. |
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| Whish of the following leukocytes (white blood cells) become phagocytesa. Dendritic Cells b. Neutrophils c. Eosinophils d. Basophils e. B & T Lymphocytes f. Monocytes G. Natural Killer Cells |
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| M-E-N 1. monocytes 2. eosinophils 3. neutrophils |
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| T or F Lymphoid stem cells become B-Cells in the thymus |
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| F T-cells are lymphocytes that originate from bone marrow stem cells but emigrate to mature in the thymus |
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| General uses for monoclonal antibodies |
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| 1. Purification 2. Therapies 3. Diagnostics |
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| The antigenic determinant of a foreign substance is the ___________ |
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| epitope |
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| Name 3 processes occurring from the antigen-antibody complex. |
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| 1. opsonization 2. agglutination 3. complement |
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| Which immune cells produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) |
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| plasma cells |
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| What is meant by valence of an antigen? |
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| Number of epitopes allowing number of antibodies binding to epitopes. |
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| Name 1 Innate and 1 Adaptive defense leading to direct lysis of bacterial pathogens. |
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| 1. Innate - Complement 2 Adaptive - Cytotoxic T-Cells |
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| Lymphoid stem cells become __ cells in the thymus. |
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| T-cells |
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| Which immune defense are adaptive and which cells are involved. |
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| Humoral B-Cells |
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| What 2 things does complement promote? |
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| Phagocytosis Lysis |
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| What are macrophages? |
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| White blood cells that combat multicellular parasites. |
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| Interferon |
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| Antiviral protein produced by cells that have been invaded by a virus - it inhibits replication of the virus. |
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| Neutrophils |
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| most abundant type of white blood cell which identifies and produces antibodies. |
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| What does DiGeorge Syndrome lack? |
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| T-Cells |
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| What does SCID lack? |
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| B and T Cells |
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| Allergic reactions to poison oak and poison ivy are examples of which type of hypersensitivity? |
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| Type IV |
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| Which bacteria convert nitrates to nitrogen gas? |
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| denitrifying bacteria |
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| Which blood type is the universal recipient? |
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| Type AB |
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| What do we call a transplant between unrelated humans? |
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| allograft |
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| Which is not a correct paira. histocompatibility antigens - HLA b. Type I hypersensitivity - IgE c. Cyclosporin A - Humoral suppression d. Type III hypersensitivity - Arthus reaction |
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| c. Cyclosporin A - Humoral suppression |
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| T or F Type IV hypersensitivities require antibody-antigen complexes |
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| F |
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| T or F The first conversion in producing beer and saki is to convert starch into glucose. |
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| T |
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| T or F People with type O blood are universal donors because they have neither anti A nor Anti B antibodies in their blood serum. |
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| F |
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| T or F Genomic libraries contain DNA only from active genes |
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| F |
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| T or F Only Rh negative mothers are at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn. |
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| T |
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| What does nitrogen fixing bacteria do? |
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| Converts nitrogen gas to ammonia |
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| What does nitrifying bacteria do? |
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| Converts ammonia to nitrates/nitrites |
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| What does nitrifying bacteria do? |
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| Converts ammonia to nitrates/nitrites |
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| What does denitrifying bacteria do? |
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| Converts nitrates/nitrites to Nitrogen gas. |
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| What changes nitrogen gas to ammonia? |
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| Nitrogen fixing bacteria |
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| What converts ammonia to nitrates/nitrites? |
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| Nitrifying bacteria |
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| What converts nitrates/nitrites to nitrogen gas? |
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| denitrifying bacteria |
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| Which have cytoplasmic granules and lobed nuclei? |
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| Granulocytes 'do not eat bananas' 1.dendritic 2. neutrophils 3. eosinophils 4. basophils |
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| 2 conversions leading to sour flavor of fermented vegetables. |
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| carb to sugar sugar to lactic acid |
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| 2 Steps in production of beer. |
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| 1. starch to sugar 2. yeast for sugar to alcohol |
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| General formula for alcoholic fermentation |
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| sugar + yeast ---> ethyl alcohol + CO2 |
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| Arrange the members of an ecosystem in order of abundance: herbivores, producers, carnivores |
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| 1. producers 2. herbivores 3. carnivores |
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| Which Type.(I-IV) is a poison oak reaction? |
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| Type IV |
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| Which Type (I-IV) is Cytotoxic blood reactions? |
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| Type II |
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| Which type (I-IV) is Anaphylaxis? |
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| Type I |
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| Which type (I-IV) is organ rejection? |
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| Type IV |
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| Which type (I-IV) is Contact Dermatitis? |
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| Type IV |
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| Which type (I-IV) is serum sickness? |
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| Type III |
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| Which type (I-IV) is Hemolytic Disease of the newborn? |
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| Type II |
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| Which type (I-IV) is Arthus Reaction? |
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| Type III |
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| Which type (I-IV) is allergies? |
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| Type I |
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| Which type (I-IV) is drug reactions? |
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| All 4: I, II, III, IV |
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| Which type (I-IV) is Cell mediated-delayed, cytotoxic, immediate-anaphylaxis, immune complex |
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| Type I - Immediate - Anaphylaxis Type II - Cytotoxic Type III - Immune Complex Type IV - Cell mediated (delayed) |
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| Which type is immune complex? |
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| Type III |
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| Which type is Immediate (anaphylaxis)? |
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| Type I |
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| Which type is cytotoxic? |
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| Type II |
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| Which type is Cell mediated? Delayed |
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| Type IV |
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| How does Rhogam protect? |
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| It intercepts the Rh antigen. |
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| Which blood type is the universal recipientWhy? |
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| Type AB It has not antibodies |
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| Which blood type is the universal donorWhy? |
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| Type O No antigens to attack. |
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| Hyperimmune serum is also known as ________ serum. |
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| convalescent |
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| Desensitization allergy shots make _____ intercept allergens before they bind to _______ |
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| IgG IgE |
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| Which hypersensitivity is involved in organ rejection? Type |
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| Type IV |
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| Which hypersensitivity involves the cell mediated immune system? |
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| Type IV |
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| Which hypersensitivities involve the humoral immune system? |
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| I, II, and III |
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| T or F Sever Combined Immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) is a secondary immunodeficiency characterized by a lack of T-cells and B-cells |
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| F SCID is a PRIMARY immunodeficiency characterized by a lack of T-cells and B-cells |
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| What do saprophytes do? |
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| decompose dead stuff |
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| Arrange the elements of an ecosystem in order of increasing complexity: community, organism, ecosystem, population |
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| 1. organism 2. community 3. population 4. ecosystem |
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| Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert what to what? |
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| nitrogen gas to ammonia |
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| Nitrifying bacteria change what to what? |
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| ammonia to nitrates/nitrites |
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| Denitrifying bacteria change what to what? |
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| nitrates to nitrogen gas |
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| T or F Producers are also heterotrophs. |
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| F Producers are also autotrophs |
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| Which chemical conversion is needed to produce fermented milk products like yogurt, sour cream? |
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| lactose----> lactic acid |
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| What purpose do yeast serve in the production of alcoholic beverages? |
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| Conversion of glucose to alcohol and CO2 |
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| What 2 areas are areas are monoclonal antibodies useful in> 1. m____________ 2. m_____________ t___________ |
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| 1. manufacturing 2. medical therapies |
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| How are monoclonal antibodies made> |
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| immunized mouse spleen cell fused with a myeloma (cancer) cell to give it immortality.**Hybridoma** They are monospecific. |
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| Microorganisms can be unpopular as foods because they have _________ properties |
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| organoleptic |
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| Which chemical conversions are needed to produce fermented vegetable products like sauerkraut and pickles? |
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| 1. carbs to sugar 2. sugar to lactic acid |
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| Which T Cells destroy antigens by direct lysis> |
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| cytotoxic T-Cells |
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| What do helper T cells do? |
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| amplify plasma cell production |
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| T or F AIDs is a primary immunodeficiency |
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| F Aids is a secondary immunodeficiency |
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| Name 3 types of primary immunodeficiencies |
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| 1. SCID 2. DiGeorge 3. Agammaglobulinemia |
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| T or F Immunodeficiency is a type of hypersensitivity |
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| F |
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| Examples of killed viruses vaccine> |
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| influenza, rabies |
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| Examples of live attenuated viruses vaccine. |
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| Measles, mumps, rubella |
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| Example of bacterial toxins vaccine - toxoid |
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| diphtheria, tetanus |
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| Example of whole bacteria/cell parts vaccine |
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| pertussis |
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| T or F Antitoxins, antisera, antivenins all contain antigens. |
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| F They all contain antibodies |
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| What is the most common artificial passive immunity? |
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| Receiving someone else's antibodies (convalescent serum) also antivenin |
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| What is the most common artificial active immunity> |
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| Vaccines |
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| What is the most common natural passive immunity> |
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| A mother's placenta - breast milk |
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| What is the most common natural active immunity> |
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| An infection |
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| Which acquired immunity comes from antivenin and receiving antibodies> |
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| Artificial passive |
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| Which acquired immunity comes from a mother's placenta or breast milk? |
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| Natural passive |
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| Which acquired immunity is from receiving vaccines? |
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| Artificial active |
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| Which active immunity from an infection. |
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| Natural active |
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| Yeast converts sugars into carbon dioxide and __________ |
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| ethyl alcohol |
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| What product in fermentation causes bread to rise> |
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| CO2 |
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| Engineered viruses are useful for which> a. mining b. bioremediation c. medical therapies d. all of the above |
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| c. medical therapies |
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| What converts ammonia to nitrates/nitrites? |
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| nitrifying bacteria |
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| Diapedesis |
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| With inflammation and dialation, how leukocytes move through the vessel walls into the surrounding tissue of injury |
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| 2 types of allergy tests |
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| 1. RAST 2. Wheal and Flare |
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| Which hypersensitivities involve the humoral system> |
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| I, II, III |
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| What is another name for hay fever> |
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| Seasonal allergic Rhinitis |
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| Allergy shots provide what 3 letter immunoglobulin? |
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| IgG |
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| Are allergies a type of immunodeficiency> |
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| No, allergies are a hypersensitivity |
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| Type IV hypersensitivities involve __ cells |
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| T-cells |
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| Explain Fever |
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| Innate The elevation of body temperature to kill invading agents, inactivate their toxins - can make the body rest. |
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| Explain inflammation |
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| Innate The reddening, swelling and temperature increases at sites of infection |
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| Explain phagocytes |
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| Innate The white blood cells that engulf and ingest dirt, bacteria and dead or dying cells to protect the body |
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| HLAs |
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| Human leukocyte antigens or histocompatibility antigens - most cells in our body have on their body proteins called HLA that alert the immune system to the presence of the antigen. |
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| Explain barriers |
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| Innate Physical barriers - skin and mucous membranes Chemical barriers such as saliva, gastric juices, mucous,(acidic and salty skin) |
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| What is an antigen> |
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| A toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body. |
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| Allergen |
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| A type of antigen that produces an abnormally rigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body. |
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| 3 autoimmune disorders |
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| 1. lupus 2. Graves 3. rheumatoid arthritis |
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| What does cell mediated immunity involve the production of? |
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| Cell mediated immunity involves the production of cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes, activated NK cells and cytokines in response to an antigen and is mediated by T lymphocytes |
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| Opsonization |
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| Antibodies coat microorganisms to help phagocytes |
