Microbiology chapters 4, 5, & 6 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersEukaryotic Cell Characteristics |
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| Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics |
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| Characteristics of Life |
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| Flagella |
3 parts: filaments basal body hook
pro: 360degree movement
Euk: whip 9 + 2 arrangement
functions: motility
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| Flagellar Arrangements |
Monotrichous- single flagellum at one end
Lophotrichous- small bunches ermerging from the same site
Amphitrichous- flagella at both ends of the cell
Peritrichous- flagella dispersed over surface of cell; slowest |
Flagellar Responses
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run-counterclockwise tumble- clockwise |
| Stimulus |
no stimulus- short movements stimulus- long movements gradient of attractant concentration |
| Fimbrae |
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| Pili |
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| Glycocalyx |
2 types: capsule or slime layer
coating of the molecule external to the cell wall
functions: protection from dehydration inhibit killing of wbc attatchment; adherence signal reception |
| Biofilm |
group of bacteria working together collectively
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| Cell Envelope |
external covering outside the cytoplasm
contains cell wall and cell membrane
gram stain: positive- thick layer of peptidoglycan has more cross-linking
negative- thin layer of peptidoglycan has outer membrane
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| Cell Wall |
functions: structure protection
peptidoglycan is main component
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| Gram Stain |
gram +: retain crystal violet and stain purple gram -: lose crystal violet and stain red
Crystal violet -> stains peptidoglycan Gram's Iodine -; sets the stain by causing clumping Alcohol -; dissolves the membran; decolorizes gram - Saferin -; counterstains gram - |
| Cell Membrane |
phospholipid bilayer- selectively permeable ; functions: ;;;;; provide site for energy reaction, nutreint processing, and synthesis. ; ; ; |
| Cytoplasm |
dense gelatinous solution ; a solvent for materials used in cell functions |
| Ribosomes |
site of protein synthesis ; ; prokaryotic- smaller and less in number eukaryotic- bigger and more in number |
| Inclusions |
intracellular storage bodies ; ; |
| Nucleoid |
location of DNA ; not membrane bound |
| Endospores |
| inactive metabolic state, which produces a thick glycocalyx during a vegetative state |
| Bacterial Shapes |
Coccus- spherical ; Bacillus- rod ; Spirillum- spiral |
| classification |
Genetic (phylogenic)- classified by composition of DNA ; Phenogenic- classification by appearance |
| Endosymbiotic Relationship |
Organelles originated from prokaryotic cells ; Organelles: mitochondria and cytoplasm ; why? ;; has own dna ;; has prokaryotic ribosomes ;; double membrane ;; replicates independently |
| Cilia |
hairlike projections on the surface of cell ; only in animal cells and some protozoa ; functions: ;;;;; motility ;;;;; feeding ;;;;; filtering |
| nucleolus |
inside nucleus site of ribosome synthesis |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum |
RER- has ribosomes on top ;;;;;;; proteins are synthesized ; ; SER-lacks ribosomes ;;;;; lipids are synthesized |
| Golgi Apparatus |
| ;where Proteins are modified and matured and sorted |
| Lysosomes |
digestive enzymes digesting food molecules and ivading microbes |
| mitochondria |
| produces atp |
| chloroplast |
| photosynthesis |
| Fungi |
mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi ; unicellular or colonial ; yeast or hyphae; sometimes both dimorphic ; heterotrophic ; ; |
reproduction ; |
asexual reproduction: spores are formed through budding or mitosis ; Sexual reproduction: spores are formed by fusion of two seperate strains |
| Protista |
algae-unicellular and colonial; photosize with chlorophyll ; protozoa-unicellular and lack tissue. heterotrophic |
| viruses |
nonliving ; |
| capsids |
protect nucleic acid ; enveloped- with envelope naked-without envelope |
| spikes |
| proteins that attatch to host cell and determine which cells to infect |
| Matrix Proteins |
essential for replication not in all |
| structures |
Helical Icosahedral |
| animal virus multiplication |
Adsorption- attatchement to host Penetration- virus enters to host uncoating- nucleic acid is released through the celll synthesis- viral components are produced assembly- new viral particles are constructed release- assembled virus are released by budding or lysis |
| Lysogeny |
Adsorption- attachment to cell penetration- virus goes into cell replicaton- virus material is replicated assembly- assembly of new virus maturation cell breaks apart and virus are released ; |
| prions |
| misfolded proteins that induce normal proteins to misfold |
| mitosis |
interphase-resting state prophase- condensation of chromosomes Metaphase- chromosomes line up Anaphase- chromosomes pull cells apart telophase- nuclear envelope reform, cytokenesis occurs |
