Microbiology Unit 4 – Flashcards

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substance capable of initiating an immune response; usually PART of a protein (8-16 aa's long)
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antigen
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study of mechanisms that protect an individual from injury; ability of body to recognize what is ATYPICAL
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immunology
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injuries to body from bacteria, parasites, viruses, fungi
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exogenous microorgs
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WBCs that are 1st responders, phagocytic, not great at triggering immune response
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neutrophils
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WBC that produce histamines
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basophils
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mature into macrophages
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monocytes
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lymphocytes are involved in ___ immunity (specific or innate)
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specific
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no memory, triggered every time org comes in
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innate immunity, non-specific immunity
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3 parts of nonspecific immunity (2 lines of defense)
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surface barriers - 1st line
cellular defenses - 2nd line
chemical defenses - 2nd line
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first line of defense in innate immunity
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skin and mucous membrane
normal flora
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how does sebum contribute to 1st line of innate immunity?
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antimicrobial properties, make skin slightly acidic
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examples of mucous membranes that contribute to nonspecific immunity
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low pH in vagina, acids in stomach, lysozomes in tears
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what cells in 2nd line of innate immunity trigger specific/adaptive immunity system the mostwhere are they foundhow do they work
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dendritic; tissues;
migrate out looking for T and B cells to ignite adaptive immunity
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can attack any cell, but not phagocytic, they attack cell membrane and release cytolytic chemicals
- type of T cell in innate immunity system
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Natural Killer cells
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steps of phagocytosis (4)
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chemotaxis
attachment
ingestion
digestion
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3 chemical defenses (2nd line of defense in innate immunity)
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inflammation
fever
complement system
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stimulates WBCs
reduces available free plasma iron
induces Interleukin-1
slows growth rate of certain pathogens
1st response to be recognized
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Fever
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responds to foreign invaders, BUT ALSO
physical trauma
infection by microorgs
chemical irritation
burns
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inflammation
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fx of inflammatory response
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localize foreign substances at site of entry, prevent penetration to other tissues, help rebuild damaged tissue to normal
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heat
redness
swelling
pain
loss of fx (may or may not)
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cardinal signs of local inflammation
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Prostaglandins dilate vessels (brings Ab and phagoc to site)
Forms fibrous connective tissue around site (wall off invaders, prevents spread)
clean up debris
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steps of inflammation
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collection of cells and fluid in injured area
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exudate
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thick yellow exudates containing large #s of PMNs (polymorphoneutrophils)
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Purulent (suppurative) exudate
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thin, watery exudates, more plasma than cells (blister)
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serous exudate
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microorgs that cause a purulent exudate response (pus formation)
-Strep A is this
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pyogenic
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causes cascading sequence that results in cell lysis, chemotaxis and or opsorization
- 2 pathways (classical and alternative) that involve about 30 proteins
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complement system
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involving coding of bacterial cells - adds sticky proteins to cell surface so that it attaches more easily to phagocytizing cells
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opsonization
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makes memory, occurs when 2nd line of defense is insufficient for protection (or 2nd line stimulated so long, it activates this)
3rd LINE OF DEFENSE
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acquired/specific immunity
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phagocytic cells in 2nd line of defense include
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neutrophils
macrophages
dendritic cells
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MHC class 1 is present in all cells except ___; MHC 1 involved in what?
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RBC's; Cell-mediated immunity
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MHC type 2 are in ____ cells; involved in which type of specific immunity?
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Phagocytic cells; Humoral immunity
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Humoral immunity involves ____ organism; found in blood and extracellular spaces around cells
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Extracellular
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cell-mediated immunity involves ____ cellular pathogens
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intra
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we have more extracellular pathogens than intracellular...T or F
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True
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Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 cells) are part of ____ immunity; what is their action?
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cell-mediated; they lyse infected cells
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B cells, helper T cells (CD4 cells) are involved in ___ immunity
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humoral
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what do helper T-1 cells doWhat do helper T-2 cells do?
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T-1s activate the macrophages; T-2s activate B cells to produce IgM and IgE
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B cells break down into (2) things
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Plasma cells and memory cells
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Antibodies come from?? which immunity involved with?
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Plasma cells, that come from B cells involved in humoral immunity
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fx of IgM; fx of IgG
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1st Ab 1st time infected;
1st Ab 2nd time infected, can cross placenta
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Fx of IgA
Fx of IgD
Fx of IgE
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in tears and saliva; unknown;
involved in allergic reactions and fights parasitic worms
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3rd line of immune defense
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Specific Immunity
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immunity whose response is unique to the challenge it's presented, diverse
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specific immunity
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activate other cells involved in humoral immunity (macrophages and B cells) and helps produce Ab (CD4 cells)
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helper T cells
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Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) cells destroy
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target cells on contact
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how many MHC 1 genes do we inherit? MHC 2? What's different about MHC 2 inherited genes?
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6; 8
MHC 2 genes- 2 chains can recombine to produce many different variants for those 8 genes
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which type immunity guards from TB, fungi, leprosy, other infections, intracellular viruses and cancer, some kinds of tumors
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cell-mediated
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act as chemical messengers in the immune system; called lymphokine when lymphocyte produces it
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cytokine
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cytokine that attracts WBCs to infected areas
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chemokines
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cytokine that protects against viral infections (shuts downs replication in neighboring cells)
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interferons
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cytokine involved in further stimulating the immune response (IL1 - B cell matur and prolif, inflammation; IL2- T cell matur and differentiation
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interleukins
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cytokine that's important in inflammatory reaction, it's cytotoxic to cancer cells
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Tumor Necrosing Factors (TNF)
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cytokine that is macrophage colony stimulating factor AND stimulats hemopoiesis
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granulocyte
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proteosomes fx; involved in what type immunity
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chew up organism, breaks it down so MHC 1 can pick it up
CELL-mediated immunity
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branch of immunity that protects us against more toxins, bacteria and viruses, deals with extracellular pathogens
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humoral
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involves B lymphocytes and plasma cells that produce specific Abs to react with particular pathogen
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humoral immunity
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immunoglobulins are also called
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antibodies; proteins called globulins
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antibodies held together in Y shape by ___ bonds
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2 disulfide bonds- very strong
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what Ab occurs when Ag is introduced to host for 1st time?
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1st Ab production-- IgM
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what occurs during lag or latent phase of Ab production? how long last?
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5-7 days; no detectable Ab now
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what happens during Log phase of Ab production? How long last?
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gradual rise in titer (IgM), takes 1-2 weeks
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what happens during Plateau phase of Ab production? How long last?
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Ab titer stabilizes, peaking around 3-6 weeks
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what happens during Decline phase of Ab production? How long last?
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Ab titer decr due to catabolism of Ab, removal due to formation of immune complexes, halt production of more Ab; takes couple of months (whole process)
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anamnestic response is what? when does it occur?
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MEMORY RESPONSE
occurs when another exposure to same Ag (days, wks, mos, yrs later) occurs
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2d Ab production response different how?
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latent/lag phase shorter (just activ memory, not creating it)
IgG is 1st Ab on scene
titer response typically 10x greater
duration lasts longer, maybe for lifetime, IgG creates stronger memory
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comprises about 80% all Ab in normal human serum, four subtypes
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IgG
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diffuses into extracellular space more easily (smaller), only Ab to neutralize toxin, good at complement cascade
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IgG
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IgG3 is the best
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complement activator
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IgG1 and IgG3 are better at crossing
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placenta
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pentamer, can't cross placenta, BEST complement activator bc it has 10 Ag binding sites
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IgM
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antibody in tears and saliva, also vaginal secretions, resp and intest mucus and colustrum
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IgA
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Immune Regulation and Antigen Clearance:
inhibits IgG complement activation but activates alternative pathway, and prevents bacteria from attaching to mucosal surfaces preventing colonization
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IgA
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antibody with unknown fx, may contrib to B cell differentiation
*highly susceptible to proteolytic enzymes
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IgD
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mediates type 1 hypersensitivity (allergies) and immunity against worms
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IgE
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antibody that bonds strongly to mast cells and basophils, releasing histamines and heparin
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IgE
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MHC class 2 - how does it work in cell?
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microbe phagocytized, lysosome breaks it down, MHC class 2 protein comes to lysosome, binds with fave fragment and displays on cell surface
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which cells involved in humoral immunity?
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B cells and some helper T cells (if T cells involved, better memory response)
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which cells involved in humoral immunity?
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B cells and some helper T cells (if T cells involved, better memory response)
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once B cell activated in humoral immunity, what happens?
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produces memory cells and plasma cells (plasma produces antibodies), antibodies attach to Ag, make it easier for Ag to be phagocytized
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Do both humoral and cell-mediated make memory?
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YES!
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Product of humoral immunityproduct of cell-mediated immunity?
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Ab; cytokines
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immunity that protects from extracellular pathogens, circ viruses, bact, toxins
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humoral immunity
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immunity that protects from intracellular pathogens
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cell-mediated
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which type of acquired immunity provides fetal protection? how?
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humoral...thru IgG Ab
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Dx test for humoral, for cell-mediated immunity?
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Ab titer
Skin test
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what is mode of action for humoral immunity? for cell-mediated?
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Ag-Ab complexes
cell-cell contact
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once acquired immunity activated, ___ are also activated, in differing degrees
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cell-mediated and humoral immunity
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MHC class 2 is only in what cellsMHC class 1 found in?
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phagocytes; all nucleated cells
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occurs when immune defenses go haywire - could be immediate or delayed
*instead of protecting, immune response irritates
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hypersensitivity
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immediate hypersensitivity occurs within
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few min to 24 hours
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includes classic allergic responses,
anaphylactic reactions, involve IgE Ab
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Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions
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over 1/2 population allergic to something - T or F
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TRUE
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most common observed type of hypersensitivity
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type 1 - allergic reaction
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what determines type and severity of allergic reaction
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nature of Ag
amt time Ag entering body
route of entry
length time betw exposures
person's ability to prod IgE Ab
site of IgE attachment
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anaphylaxis that involves mast cell degranulation, ex include hay fever, hives, asthma
*symptoms depend on how allergen enters body and sites of IgE attachment
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localized anaphylaxis
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immediate allergic reaction, involves basophil degranulation, shock reaction usually occurs within 20 min after exposure
ex include: bee stings, penicillin, nut and shellfish allergies, lots of meds
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systemic anaphylaxis
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symptoms are:
flushed skin with itching, headache, facial swelling, diff breathing, falling BP, nausea, vomiting, abdomin cramps, urination;;;;;
possible acute resp distress
unconsciousness
death
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systemic anaphylaxis
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tx for systemic anaphylaxis? how effective is it?
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adrenaline, Epi, antihistamine - usually works!
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tx for systemic anaphylaxis? how effective is it?
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adrenaline, Epi, antihistamine - usually works!
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cytotoxic reactions seen in bl transfusions, Rh incompatib reactions
-- involves IgG and IgM Ab
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Type 2 hypersensitivity
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immune complex reactions that occur in serum sickness and certain autoimmune diseases; also certain complications of untreated or inadeq tx of strep throat or other S pyogenes infections

ex: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis
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Type 3 hypersensitivity
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Delayed (Type 4) hypersensitivity reactions usually seen after ___; part of which immunity?
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24 hours; cell-mediated immunity
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Type 4 hypersensitivity reactions occur in what scenarios?
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transplant rejection, contact dermatitis, tuberculin and fungal skin tests
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Type 4 hypersensitivity reactions occur in what scenarios?
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transplant rejection, contact dermatitis, tuberculin and fungal skin tests
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disease that results when person's IS attacks itself, no longer recog self and non-self; can occur during fetal dev if certain tissues aren't exposed to immune system
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autoimmune disease
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IS not fx properly is called ___; also termed ___
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immune deficiency, immunosuppressed, etc
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malnutrition is number one cause of what worldwide?
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immune deficiency
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what tx may help someone with certain immune deficiency diseases?
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bone marrow transplant or gene therapy
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acquired immunity can be obtained 3 ways
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active, passive, adopted
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type of immunity where host is immunocompetent, their own cells can meet challenge, takes wks to dev this, but usually offers lifelong immunity
*may be naturally or artificially acquired
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active immunity
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getting a vaccine would be _____ immunity
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active artificial immunity
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naturally getting rubella virus called ____ immunity
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active natural immunity
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type of immunity where 'pre-formed' Ab are given to the host,
*offers immediate, short-term protection
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passive immunity
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breastmilk, placenta, Hep B Ig are examples of ___ immunity
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passive
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bone marrow transplant is ___ immunity
(host is immunocompetent, so i.c. transplanted into host)
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adopted immunity
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way of creating memory without becoming ill...suspension of orgs or fractions of orgs that stimulate specific immune response so if encountered again, an amanestic response occurs to fight Ag/disease
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vaccine
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procedure common in 18th century where dried scabs of smallpox were injected into another person's veins, Pasteur called it vaccination
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variolation
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goal of vaccination: herd immunity, also determined as
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control spread of hard-to-treat-or-prevent (mostly viral) disease
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vaccine that provides better protection bc it closely mimics disease, considered less safe
EX: Sabin (oral) polio, MMR
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attenuated, live
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influenza, Salk polio - vaccines that have killed or inactivated orgs in them, no risk
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inactivated
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vaccine with inactivated toxins that stimulate immune response to make IgG Ab against toxin
TETANUS and DIPHTHERIA
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Toxoid vaccine
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vaccine that contains antigenic fragments
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subunit
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subunit vaccine in which different microbe produces Ag fragment
ex: Hep B - yeast produces part of HBV that stimulates immune response
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Recombinant vaccine
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vaccine developed bc children <15 mos don't produce adeq immune response (T-cell mediated) to capsular polysaccharides so proteins are added which stimulate humoral immunity
EX are: Hib (Haemophilus influenzae)
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conjugated vaccine
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ideal, not approved: naked DNA injected via gene gun which results in protein production of what DNA codes for, proteins stimulate immune response
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Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) vaccine
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IgA inhibits ___ and prevents ____ by preventing bact from attaching to mucosal surfaces
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IgG; colonization
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two types of IgA - serum and secretory
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trace Ig is also called (involved in allergic reactions)
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IgE
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injury that comes from malignant or senescent (dying) cells
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endogenous cells
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injury from exogenous chemicals - chem include
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pollens
pet dander
poison ivy
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which Ab only one to neutralize toxins?
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IgG
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chemicals added to vaccine to improve antigenicity (in US, aluminum salts used)
not a vaccine by itself
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adjuvants
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Ideal vaccine - describe 4 things
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taken orally rather than injected (eliminates invasive procedure)
gives life-long immunity in single dose
stable without refrigeration
affordable
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poison produced by bacteria - def and give examples
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TOXIN
diptheria toxin, botulism toxin, tetanus toxin
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Anti-toxin
(Ab to dipth, tetanus or botulism)
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Ab produced by host to neutralize bacterial toxin. can be produced actively after exposure or passively thru injection
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type of vaccine where part of toxin is injected into host to invoke humoral immune response
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Diptheria and tetanus vaccine
TOXOID VACCINE
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direct tests detect ____ from patient sample
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antigens
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indirect tests detect Ab from patients ___
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serum
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study of Ab in serum
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serology
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why do we msre Ab?
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Dx infections and autoimmune diseases
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serologic testing - if you find only IgM Ab - what does this indicate?
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recent infection
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serologic testing - if you find IgM and IgG Ab - what does this indicate?
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recent infection
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serologic testing - if you find only IgG Ab - what does this indicate?
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indicates past infection or past vaccination
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if IgM is present in newborns, what does this indicate
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indicates recent dev, IgM first Ab produced in fetal dev
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if IgG is present in newborns what does this indicate
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maternal protection - IgG passes thru placenta and colostrum
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agglutination of RBCs
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hemagglutination
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agglutination as a serological test finds
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particulate Ags
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RBCs are an indicator for what serological test
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complement fixation
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serological test that inactivates toxin or virus
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neutralization
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perioxidase enzyme is indicator for which serological test
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ELISA
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soluble Ags used for this serological test
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precipitation
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Ab linked to fluorescent dye - which serological test?
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fluorescent Ab technique
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immunologic test where Ab detected in serum by visualizing Ag-Ab complex
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Titer
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immunologic test where Ab detected in serum by visualizing Ag-Ab complex
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Titer
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Ab titer
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Amt of Ab in titer
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Rapid Group A Strep test, Influenza A and B test, Rotavirus test - examples of Rapid Ag tests
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ELISA
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immunologic test in which Ag are injected under epidermal layer of skin and host examined for hypersensitivity reaction
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Skin test
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allergy tests and PPD for TB are these types of immunological tests
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Skin test
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TB skin test can tell difference betw vaccination and actual exposure - T or F
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FALSE
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Principle behind TB skin test
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prev exposure stimulates cell-med immunity (bc org inside macrophages), in subsequent exposure (skin test), delayed hypersensitivity should respond
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Principle behind TB skin test
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prev exposure stimulates cell-med immunity (bc org inside macrophages), in subsequent exposure (skin test), delayed hypersensitivity should respond
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signs of pos Mantoux test
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hardening, reddening around area
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signs of pos Mantoux test
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hardening, reddening around area
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any lab test that uses immunologic principles (humoral or cell-mediated immunity)
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immunologic test
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acute and convalescent titers should be how far apart
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four-fold increase in titer, so
4 to 32
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