micro test 4 2011 – Flashcards
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| state of not being in good health |
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| Disease |
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| often refered to as protozoans or worms |
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| parasite |
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| reffering to bacteria, virus, or fungus that (an organism) that has potential to cause disease |
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| pathogen |
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| a pathogen growing in or on the host-has invaded the host |
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| infection |
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| ability of the pathogen to spread to other tissues in the body |
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| invasiveness |
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| degree or intensity of pathogenicity |
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| virulence |
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| ability of the pathogen to secrete toxins |
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| infectivity |
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| an infection in which the pathogen grows massively in the body, found in blood and usually leads to death. |
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| septicemia |
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| scientific study of disease |
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| pathology |
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| study of the cause of a disease |
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| etiology |
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| study of the development of a disease |
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| pathogenesis |
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| host |
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| can prevent pathogens from causingan infection |
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| normal microbiota |
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| microbes that are present for various periods and then disappear |
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| symbiosis |
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both orgamisms benefits ex. plants |
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| mutualisim |
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| one orgamism benefits and the other is unaffected |
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•Commensalism |
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one benefits and the other is harmed
ex. worms being in the body, worms have a place to live and feed and the body is harmed |
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| parasitism |
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| where noraml microbiotas can prevent pathogens from causing and infection. |
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| microbial antagonism |
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pathogens that do not cause disease under normal conditions but can cause disease under special conditions
ex. e coli can gain access to other body parts. |
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•Opportunistic |
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| cannot be measured, is a subjective change in body functions |
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| symptom |
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| measurable changes in the body |
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| sign |
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| a specific group of symptoms or signs that always accompanies a specifis diseace |
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| syndrome |
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| directly or indirectly from one host to another |
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| communicable |
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| easily spread from one person to another |
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| contagious |
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| caused by microorgamisms that normally grow outside the human body and are not transmitted from one host to another |
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| noncommunicable |
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number of people contracting the disease
new cases |
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| incidence |
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number of cases at a particualar time
existing
note: a period of time |
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| prevalence |
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only an occasional case
ex. typhoid fever |
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| sporadic |
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constantly present in the general population
ex. common cold |
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| endemic |
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many ppl acquire the disease in a relatively short period of time
ex. flu |
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| epidemic |
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world wide epidemic
ex. AIDS |
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| pandemic |
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| a disease that develops rapidly but lasts a short period of time |
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| acute disease |
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a disease that develops more slowly and body reactions may be less severe but will probably be continual or last a long time
ex. Mono, TB |
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| chronic disease |
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somewhere between acute and chronic
ex. rare brain disease |
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| subacute disease |
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causative agent remains inactive for a time and then becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease
ex. shingles |
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| latent |
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| new diseases and diseases with increasing incidences |
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EIDS emerging infectious diseases |
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affects a small area of the body
ex. boil or acne |
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| local infection |
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| spread throughout the body via circulatory system |
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| systemic infection |
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| can occur after the host is weakened from a primary infection |
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| secondary infection |
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does not cause any signs of disease in the host
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| unapparent or subclinical infection |
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| a continual SOURCE of infection |
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| reservior |
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diseases that affect wild and domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans
ex. rabies |
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| zoonoses |
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| involves close physical contact between the source of the disease and suspectable host |
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| direct transmission |
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| constitutes indirect contact |
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| transmission by fomite (indirect) |
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| tranmission via saliva or mucus in coughingor sneezing |
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| droplet transmission |
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| transmission by a medium such as water, food or air |
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| vehicle transmission |
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| refers to pathogens carried on water droplets or dust for a distance greater than 1 meter |
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| airborne transmission |
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| carries pathogens from one host to another by both mechanical and biological transmission |
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| airborne vectors |
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| presence of immunity to a diease in most of the population |
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| herd immunity |
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| on an animals body and spread by contact |
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| mechanical or passive transmission |
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| spread by when the animal actually bites or scratches |
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| active or biological transmission |
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| pathogens exits by coughing or sneezing |
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| respiratory tract |
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| pathogens exit by salivia or feces |
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| in infection that occurs in a place where they are to be healed. like getting an infection from a hospital |
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•Nosocomial Infection |
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| patients with burns, surgical wounds and suppressded immune systems are the most susceptible to nonsocomial infections are known as what |
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| compromised host |
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| what are things/ways that nonsocomial infeactions can be transmitted |
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| catheters, syringes, and respiratory devices. |
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| is one that makes the body more susceptible to disease or alters the course of a disease |
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| predisposing factor |
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| the time interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of signs and symptoms |
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| incubation period |
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| is characterized by the appearance of the first mild sings and symptoms |
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| prodromal period |
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| the disease is at its height and all disease signs and symptoms are apparent |
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| period of illness |
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| the signs and symptoms subside |
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| period of decline |
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| body turns to its normal state and health is restored |
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| period of covalesence |
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| the study of the transmission, incidence and frequency of disease is.. |
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| epidemiology |
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| data about infected people are collected and analyzed, this is known as what |
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| descriptive epidemiology |
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| a group of infected people is comapred with and uninfected group, this is known as what |
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| analytical epidemiology |
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| contrilled experiments designed to test hypotheses are performed in what |
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| experimental epidemiology |
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| is the ability of a pathogen to produce a disease |
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| pathogenicity |
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| is the degree of pathogenicity |
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| virulence |
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| the specific route by which a particular pathogen gains access to the body |
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| portal of entry |
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| is the number of microbes in a dose that will 50% of inoculated test animals |
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| LD50 |
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| is the dose required to produce a demonstratable infection in 50% of the test animals |
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| ID50 |
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| ____ destroy white blood cells |
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| leukocidins |
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| _____ lyse red blood cells |
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| hemolysins |
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| poisonus substances produced by microogranisms are called what |
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| toxins |
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| ___ refers to the presence of toxins in the blood |
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| toxemia |
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| __ is the ability to produce toxins |
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| toxigenicity |
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___ are produced inside some baterieria as some if their growth and metabolism and re released into the surrounding area. ___ produce the disease symptoms ___ are usually produced by gram (-) bacteria |
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| exotoxins |
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| antibodies produced against exotoxins are called what |
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| antitoxins |
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| ___ work by destroying particular parts of the hosts cell or by inhibiting metabolic functions. |
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| Cytotoxins |
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___ prevent nerve transmission ex. tatanus |
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| neurotoxins |
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| ___ induce fluid and electrolyte loss from the host cell |
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| entertoxins |
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___ are released wih bacterial cell death or by the action os antibiotics and antibodies ____ are lipopolysaccharides that form a normal part of the cell wall in gram negative bacteria |
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| endotoxin |
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| __ are visible signs of viral infection |
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| cytopathic effects (CPE) |
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| __ is cell death |
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| cytocidal effects |
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| __ is the cell damage but not death |
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| noncytocidal effects |
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| the ability to ward off disease through body defences is called |
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| resistance |
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| __ is lack of resistance |
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| susceptibility |
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| ___ refers to all body defences that protect the body against and kind of pathogen |
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| nonspecific resisitance |
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| ___ refers to defences against specific microorganisms |
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| specific resistance |
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| __ is an oily substance produced by the skin |
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| sebum |
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| when phagocytes have the ability to stick to the lining of the blood vessels, this is called what |
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| margination |
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| ___ also has the ability to squeeze through blood vessels |
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| emigration |
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| ___ is the accumulation of damaged tissue and dead microbes |
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| pus |
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| a systematic response that your body does |
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| fever |
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| __ consists of a group of serum proteins that activate on another to destroy invading microorganisms |
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| complement system |
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| __ are antiviral proteins produced in response to a viral infection |
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| interferons |
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| ___ is a individuals geneticallt predetermined resistance to certain diseases |
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| innate resistance |
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| __ is the study of reastions between antibodies and antigens |
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| serology |
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| ___ is the ability if the body to specifically counteract foreign orgamisms |
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| immunity |
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| ___ is a specific resistance to infection developed during the life of the individual |
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| acquired immunity |
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| ___ is immunity resluting from infection |
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| naturally accquired immunity |
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| ___ occurs when antibodies are transferred from a mother to a fetus |
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| naturally accquired passive immunity |
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| ___ results from a vaccine |
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| artificially acquired active immunity |
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| __ refers to humoral antibodies acquired by injection |
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| artificially acquired passive immunity |
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| ___ involves specializedlymphocytes called T-cells |
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| cell-mediated immunity |
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| __ is a chemical sudstance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies |
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| antigen |
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| ___ is a protein produced by B-cells in response to presence of an antiogen and is capable of combinging specifically with that antigen |
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| antibody |
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| ___ is a programmed cell death that unneeded lynphocytes undergo |
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| apoptosis |
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| ___ shows IgM vs IgG |
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| antibody titer |
