Med Micro- Exam 1-Beck – Flashcards

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Steps of Gram Stain
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1) Crystal Violet
2)Iodine (mordant)
3)Alcohol
4)Saphranin
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Steps of Endospore stain
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1) Malachite Green
2) Steam (mordant)
3) Water
4) Saphranin
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Steps of Acid Fast Stain
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1) Carbolfuschin
2) Steam
3) Acid-alcohol
4) Methylene blue
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Negative stain
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acidic dye
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Capsule stain
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negative stain followed by a simple stain
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Four different types of media
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nonselective, selective, differential, specialized
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Levels of resistance
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Sensitive, intermediate and resistant
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Cytopathic effect
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viral host cell damage due to viral overload, cytocidal effects, and noncytocidal effects
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Polyclonal antibody
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recognize multiple epitopes
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Monoclonal antibody
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recognize one epitope
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Primary antibody
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bind to the desired antigen
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Secondary antibody
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bind to another specific kind of antibody
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Three methods of Antibody Labelling
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fluorescent dyes, enzyme labels, and gold particles
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Fluorescent antibodies
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labelled antibodies bind to specific things in sample
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Serotyping
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use of antibodies to break organisms into groups
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Flow cytometry
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living cells are sent down a thin tube where a visual detector looks at specific properties
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ELISA
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Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay
enzyme is attached to an antibody to determine if it binds to specific antibodies or antigens
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Antibody Chromatography
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modified ELISA
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Western Blot
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purified protein is run thru a protein gel, transferred to a membrane and incubated with a specific antibody
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IgM
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first response antibody
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Minimum significant dilution
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1:64
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Gel electrophoresis
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direct detection of DNA
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Probes
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fragments of DNA that can be used to look for specific sequences
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In Situ Hybridization
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location of certain DNA within the tissue
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Southern Blot
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probe for DNA after gel electrophoresis
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Northern Blot
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probe for RNA
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Microarray
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unknown DNA is labelled and allowed to hybridize with DNA on the chip
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PCR
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polymerase chain reaction
logarithmic multiplication of DNA samples
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RT-PCR
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reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
copy RNA to DNA then perform regular PCR
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Nested PCR
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sequential PCR using two sets of primer, one internal to the first
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Multiplex PCR
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multiple PCRs performed in the same tube
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Real Time PCR
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fluorescent probes immediately detect product DNA
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RFLP
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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
Cut DNA samples with restriction enzyme then compare banding patterns
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PFGE
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Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis
used to visualize very large DNA fragments
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Most abundant bacteria in the mouth
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Veillonella parvula
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Microbial Antagonism
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1) blockage of binding sites
2) sequestering of nutrients
3) pH and O2 variation
4) antimicrobial production
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Infection
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presence of an infectious organism
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Disease
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any negative change in a person's health
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Etiology
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study of the cause of disease
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Microbial flora
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microorganisms located on/in the body
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Acute disease
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symptoms develop quickly, but only last a short time
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Chronic disease
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symptoms develop slowly, but persist for a long time
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Latent disease
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symptoms continue to reappear long after the initial infection
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focal infection
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initial site of a spreading infection
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septicemia
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organisms multiplying in the blood
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Periods of Disease
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1) Incubation
2) Prodromal
3) Illness
4) Decline
5) Convalescence
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Incubation Period
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pathogen enters body and begins growing
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Prodromal period
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first symptoms appear
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Period of Illness
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major symptoms occur
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Period of Decline
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decline of symptoms
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Period of Convalescence
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major symptoms have disappeared and patient is beginning to return to preinfection state
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Septic shock
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massive leakage of plasma that causes blood pressure to plummet and the blood to clot
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MODS
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Multi-Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
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SIRS
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Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
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DIC
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
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Candy Jar Disease
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a disease unrelated to the normal transmission cycle
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Alternate host
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an accidental host which may or may not be able to transmit an infection
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Incidence
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number of new cases over a specific period of time
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Prevalence
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total number of people infected at any one time
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Endemic
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a constantly present disease in a population
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Sporadic
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occurs as a small number of isolated cases
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Epidemic
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very high incidence rate of disease in a population
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Pandemic
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worldwide epidemic
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Reservoirs of infection
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sites in which viable infectious organisms persist
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Modes of Transmission
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Contact Vector Vehicle
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Direct contact transmission types
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horizontal or vertical
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Indirect contact transmission types
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fomites or droples
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Vehicles
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inanimate objects such as water, air, food, blood and drugs
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Vectors
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living agents of disease transmission, whether by mechanical or biological transmission
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7 Control Measures
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Animal Control, Vector Control, Sterilization of Fomites, Treatment, Immunization, Education, and Quarantine
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XXDR-TB
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extremely drug resistant tuberculosis
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Five main groups of Eubacteria associated with infection
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Spirochetes, Chlamydia, Actinobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and Proteobacteria
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Gram + Cell Wall
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thick peptidoglycan covers cell membrane and contains teichoic acid
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Gram - Cell Wall
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Thin peptidoglycan between two membranes, the outer containing LPS
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Acid Fast Cell Wall
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membrane coated in peptidoglycan, fatty acids and a capsule-like material
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Endospores
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dormant form of G+ bacteria that are resistant to most errthang
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Microsporidia
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Obligate intracellular parasites that are very simple with small genomes and mitochondrial remnants
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Amoebazoa
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move by pseudopodia
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Ciliophora
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ciliates; only parasitic is Balantinidium coli
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Archaezoa
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flagellate with mitosomes
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Euglenozoa
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flagellates that are disk-shaped and are either euglenoids or hemoflagellates
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Sporozoa
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non-motile obligate parasites like Plasmodium
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Fungi
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spore-forming, heterophilic, eukaryotes
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Teleomorph
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sexual phase of fungi
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Anamorph
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asexual phase of fungi
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Helminths
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worms
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Platyhelminths
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flatworms
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Trematodes
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flukes; have leaf-shaped bodies w/ ventral and oral suckers
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Cestodes
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tapeworms; head has suckers and body is made of proglottids
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Nematodes
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roundworms
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Number 1 vector of infectious disease
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Mosquitoes
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Sand flies
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spread Leishmania
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Reuviid bug
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kissing bug; spreads CHagas disease
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Black flies
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spread River Blindness
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Myiasis
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invasion of tissue with dipterous larva which feed upon living or dead tissue
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Dermatobia hominis
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fly which lays eggs on mosquitoes, which transport the larva to humans, where they bore into the skin
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Properties of viruses
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1) obligate intracellular parasites
2) DNA or RNA genome
3) uses host cell machinery to make viral components
4) has an extracellular infectious phase
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Satellite virus
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parasitizes another virus (the helper virus)
E.g. Hepatitis D
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Nucleocapsid
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capsid and nucleic acid of a virus
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Most common viral shape?
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Icosohedral
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Steps of the Viral Life Cycle
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1) Attachment 2) Penetration 3) Uncoating 4) Synthesis 5) Maturation/Assembly 6) Release
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+RNA
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equivalent to mRNA, it may be infectious alone
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-RNA
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equivalent to DNA, it must be accompanied by replication proteins and a genome
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Latency Protein
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keeps the virus inactive/reactivates it
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Integrase
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protein responsible for inserting the viral genome into the host cell genome
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Prions
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infectious proteins which lack a genetic component and affect the brain
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PrP*
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infectious form of a protein which converts normal PrPc into PrP*
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Capnophilic
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require levels of CO2 higher than that of air
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Psychrophile
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grows well at 15 degrees Celsius or below
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Mesophile
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Optimal growth between 25-45 Celsius (human pathogens)
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Transformation
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uptake and incorporation of free DNA
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Transduction
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uptake and incorporation of DNA via viral vector
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Conjugation
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uptake and incorporation of plasmid DNA
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Innate immunity
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nonspecific host immunity
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Adaptive immunity
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specific host defenses acquired after exposure to an infectious agent
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IgM
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first antibodies to appear after initial exposure
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IgG
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most abundant antibody class; only one transported across the placenta
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IgA
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most abundant antibody class in mucous and other secretions
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sIgA
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dimeric IgA that binds secretory peptide
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Colostrum
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fluid secreted by breasts at the start of lactation
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IgE
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bound to specific cells and involved in allergic type reactions
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Cell-mediated responses do three things:
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1. stimulate an immune response
2. Phagocytosis
3. Secretion of digestive enzymes and compounds
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Four essential roles of inflammation
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1. Activation of immune cells
2. Delivery of effector molecules to the site of infection
3. Microvascular coagulation
4. Repair of injured tissue
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Four methods of microbial antagonism:
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1. Block binding sites
2. Compete for nutrients
3. Affect pH and O2
4. Produce antimicrobial compounds
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Primary immune deficiency
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results from some mutation
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Secondary immune deficiency
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result of some acute or chronic infection
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Diabetes mellitus
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most common secondary immunodeficiency; occurs after infection of beta cells by enterovirus
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Complement deficiency
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lack of complement leads to increased diseases, especially Neisseria gonorrhea and Neisseria meningitidis
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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caused by an autoantibody produced in the synovial fluid of the joints
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Glomerulonephritis
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occurs after infection with Group A streptococci
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Bacteriocidal
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cause the direct killing of microbes
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Bacteriostatic
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stop further growth of the organism
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Bacteriolytic
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cause the cells to literally burst
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Six factors effecting the effectiveness of antimicrobials
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Number of microbes
concentration
duration of exposure
environmental factors
endospore formation
temperature
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Sterilization
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complete killing of all vegetative cells AND endospores
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Disinfection
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killing of vegetative cells on an inanimate surface
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Sanitation
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removal of dirt and dust from a surface
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Antisepsis
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killing of vegetative cells on a biological surface
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Three purposes of antimicrobials
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1. Preservation
2. Chemotherapy
3. Decontamination
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Physical means of control
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Heat, filtration and radiation
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Autoclaving
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121 degrees Celsius at 15 lb/square inch for 30 minutes to kill all cells and spores
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Amphotericin B
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isolated from Streptomyces, it is the drug of choice for Candida albicans
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Gene casettes
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sets of genes that move as a group
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Blood Agar Plate
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differential for hemolysis
alpha - green zone
beta - clear zone
gamma - no zone
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Columbia CNA Agar
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enriched with Colistin and Nalidixic Acid to inhibit G- bacteria
Same hemolysis results as BAP
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MacConkey Agar
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contains lactose
pink +
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MAC-S Agar
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contains sorbitol
pink +
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Oxidase Test
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used to identify Pseudomonads
purple paper +
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Catalase Test
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used to ID G+ Staph & Strep
breakdown of H2O2 to O2 +
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Bacitracin
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Group A strep - S
Group C step - R
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Coagulase
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test for Staph aureus
add bacteria to rabbit serum, watch for clumping +
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Salt Broth
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tests halotolerance
yellow +
purple -
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Optochin
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Strep pneumoniae - S
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Bile Esculin
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tests for Esculin hydrolysis
black precipitate + (enterococcus)
no precip -
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PYR test
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ID Group A streptococcus
place disks on plate & add bacteria
pink +
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Tinsdale Tellurite Agar
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Potassium tellurite inhibits all BUT Corynebacterium diphteriae
cause a brown precipitate w/ halo
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Egg Yolk Agar
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Lecithinase: ID's bacillus (opaque precip +)
Lipase: (oil on water sheen +)
Protease: (clear zone +)
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Starch Agar
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amylase test
add 0.5x iodine (clearing +)
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Phenol Red Carbohydrate Broth
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Durem tube - measures CO2 production (G)
yellow +/A
orange -
pink -/K
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Motility Media
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Listeria forms an umbrella (only motile at microaerophilic environment)
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KIA
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glucose (bottom) and lactose (top): yellow +/A, red -/K
Gas production +/G
H2S: black precipitate +
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Group A
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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Group B
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Streptococcus agalactiae
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Group D
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Streptococcus bovis
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Novobiocin
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test for Staph. saprophyticus-R
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