Chapter 1 – Microbiology Flashcard
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
| viruses |
answer
| noncellular, parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements that are dependent on their infected host. |
question
| biotechnology |
answer
| the process by which humans use the metabolism of living things to arrive at a desited product (bread, beer) |
question
| epidemiology |
answer
| the of how diseases spread |
question
| bacteria |
answer
| first living inhabitants of the earth |
question
| bacteria |
answer
| ______ were responsible for changin the earth's atmosphere from one with O2 to one with O2 |
question
| decomposition |
answer
| the breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be directed back into the natural cycles of living things |
question
| CO2, nitrous oxide, methane |
answer
| three greenhouse gases that are produced by microbes |
question
| 50 |
answer
| ___% of all organisms exist below the earth's crust |
question
| recombainant DNA technology |
answer
| ______ makes it possible to transfer genetic material from one organism to another and to deliberately alter DNA |
question
| bacteria and fungi |
answer
| ____ and _____ were some of the first organisms to be genetically engineered |
question
| bioremediation |
answer
| the introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants |
question
| prokaryotic - eukaryotic |
answer
| _______ cells are 10x smaller than ______ cells |
question
| organelles |
answer
| small, double-membrane bound structures in the eukaryotic cell that perform a specific function |
question
| inclusion bodies |
answer
| prokaryotes do not have a nucleus; however, they do have _____ _____ |
question
| inclusion bodies |
answer
| protein-lined compartments that can contain air or storage polymers or house selected pathways |
question
| prokaryotes - eukaryotes |
answer
| all _____ are microorganisms, but only some _____ are microorganisms |
question
| viruses |
answer
| small particles that exist at the level of complexity somewhere between large molecules and cells |
question
| viruses |
answer
| _____ are composed of small amount of hereditary material (RNA OR DNA not both) wrapped in a protein covering that is sometimes enveloped by a protein-containing lipid membrane |
question
| virion or virus particle |
answer
| outside of a host, a virus is called a ____ |
question
| parasitic |
answer
| many microbiologists consider viruses to be ______ particles |
question
| Robert Hooke |
answer
| first person to use a microscope - viewed cork and plants |
question
| Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |
answer
| person who made the first single lens microscope |
question
| Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |
answer
| first person to report seeing living cells under a microscope |
question
| Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |
answer
| the father of bacteriology and protozoology |
question
| deductive approach |
answer
| a scientist constructs a hypothesis, tests its validity by outlining particular events that are predicted in the hypothesis and experiments to test the events |
question
| theory |
answer
| if a hypothesis is supported by a growing body of data and survives rigorous scrutiny, it becomes a _____ |
question
| theory |
answer
| a collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event |
question
| law or principle |
answer
| after the evidence of the accuracy and predictability of a theory becomes so compelling, it becomes a ___ or ____ |
question
| John Tyndall |
answer
| _______ provided the initial evidence tht some of the microbes in dust and air have very high heat resistance and that vigourous treatment is required to kill them |
question
| Ferdinand Cohn |
answer
| _____ discovered heat-resistant endospores and clarified the reason that heat would sometimes fail to completely eliminate all microorganisms |
question
| Tyndall and Cohn |
answer
| the discoveries of these two men led to the modern sense of the word sterile |
question
| Robert Koch |
answer
| _____ was the first to clearly link a microscopic organism with a certain disease |
question
| Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes |
answer
| _____ observed that mothers who gave birth at home experienced fewer infections than those that delivered in hospitals |
question
| Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis |
answer
| _______ showed that women became infected in the maternity ward after examination from physicians coming from the autopsy room |
question
| Joseph Lister |
answer
| _____ was the first to introduce the aseptic technique to reduce microbes in the medical setting |
question
| phenol |
answer
| Listers asepsis consisted of disinfecting the air and hands with _____ prior to surgery |
question
| Pasteur |
answer
| _____ completed some of the first studies showing that human diseases could arise from infection |
question
| germ theory of disease |
answer
| Pasteurs studies that showed that human disease could arise from infection evolved into the _____ |
question
| Koch's postulates |
answer
| a series of proofs that verified the germ theory and could establish whether an organism was pathogenic and what disease it caused |
question
| Robert Koch |
answer
| ____ determined that microbes needed to be seperated from each other and grown in order to study them |
question
| Louis Pasteur |
answer
| the theory of spontaneous generation of living organisms from "vital forces" in the air was disproved by ______ |
question
| nomenclature |
answer
| naming microbes |
question
| taxonomy |
answer
| the science of classifying living beings |
question
| Carl Von Linne |
answer
| ______ laid down the basic rules for classification and established taxonomic categories (taxa) |
question
| nomenclature |
answer
| the assignment of scientific names to various taxonomic categories and individual organisms |
question
| classification |
answer
| the orderly arrangement into a heirarchy of taxa |
question
| identification |
answer
| the process of discovering and recording the traits or organisms so that they may be recognized or named and placed in a taxanomic scheme |
question
| Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
answer
| taxanomic categories in order |
question
| binomial system of nomenclature |
answer
| the method of assigning scientific or specific names |
question
| genus - species |
answer
| the scientific name is always a combination of the ____ name followed by the _____ name |
question
| phylogeny |
answer
| the scheme that represtents the natural relatedness between groups of living beings |
question
| evolution |
answer
| states that the hereditary information in living beings changes gradually through time |
question
| morphology |
answer
| the study of the structure of organisms |
question
| Charles Darwin - Ernst Haeckel |
answer
| two people that created the first trees of life (the plant and animal kingdoms) |
question
| Ernst Haeckel |
answer
| person who created the 3rd and 4th kingdoms of Protista and Monera |
question
| Robert Whittaker |
answer
| person who created the 5th kingdom of Fungi |
question
| Robert Whittaker |
answer
| this person's five kingdom system became standard and is still used today |
question
| Carl Woese and George Fox |
answer
| two people that led to the creation of Archea based on differences in rRNA |
question
| Archea |
answer
| _____ are characterized by their ability to live in extreme environments |
question
| prokaryotic - eukaryotic |
answer
| Archea's structure closely resembles the ______ cell but its biology shows that it is actually closer to a _______ cell |
question
| domains (Archea, Bacteria, Eukaryia) |
answer
| Carl Woese and George Fox proposed the creation of ______ |
question
| prokaryotic |
answer
| Archea and bacteria are two domains to classify ______ cells |
question
| naming classifying identifying |
answer
| three primary functions of the toxonomic system |
