Biology of AIDS – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers| Describe the asymptomatic phase for HIV. |
No AIDS - Defining condition CD4+ T-Cells 200-499 or CD4+ T-Cells 14%-28% of total 6 Months (Kids) - 11 Years Typically 8-10 Years |
| Are the trends iin the U.S. the same as those seen worldwide? |
| In some countries such as the countries that are not third world. |
| What subtype of group M of the HIV-1 strain is found in Southern, and East Africa, India, and Nepal? |
| C |
| Name three ways to trigger a response with a classic vaccine. |
Bind free viral particles. Release antiviral cytokines. Induction |
| Decribe early HIV disease. |
CD4+ T-Cells < 200 or CD4+ T-Cells < 14% of total or Documentation of AIDS defining condition. |
| Subtype C in group M of the HIV-1 strain is most commonly transmitted through what mode of transmission? |
| Injection |
| In the process of viral infection how does a Protease Inhibitor work? |
Interferes with processing of viral proteins. Prevents maturation (PA-457). |
| What are the unique aspects of the epidemic with respect to women? |
| Mostly infected by heterosexual contact. |
| In the process of viral infection how does a Integrase Inhibitor work? |
| Stops DNA copy of viral genome integrate into host genome. |
| When a disease crosses the species barrier is is known as what type of disease? |
| Zoonotic Disease |
| What is the danger invloved in single drug therapy? |
| Supression of only one factor of HIV replication. |
| What would constitute a cure for HIV/AIDS? |
| Introducing the virus into someone's body. |
| Describe the acute infection stage of HIV. |
No AIDS - defining condition. CD4+ T-Cells ; 500 or CD4+ T-Cells ; 29% total 2 - 8 Weeks after primary infection. Acute Retroviral Syndrome: Greatest HIV production. |
| What types of HIV vaccines are being developed? |
Viral Proteins or Peptides Live Vectors DNA Virus Like Particles |
| Why is combination drug therapy more effective? |
1 Drug = 3 Times better. Cocktail = 10 Times better. |
| What are the Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors? |
Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor |
| What is the primary goal of viral drug therapies? |
Maximal and durable supression of viral load. Restoration and / or preservation of immunologic function. Improvement of quality of life. Reduction of HIV related morbility and mortality. |
| What are the unique problems with a vaccine against HIV? |
Activation of CD4+ T-Cells. Diversity of HIV strains. Picking which HIV protein to use as an immunogen. |
| What are curent types of antiviral drugs? |
Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Protease Inhibitors Integrase Inhibitors CCR4 Antagonists Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor |
| In the process of viral infection how does a Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor work? |
| Stops reverse transcriptase from copying "bad" nucleoside. |
| What are two examples of "conspiracy theories" regarding HIV that were proposed by the Harlem AIDS Forum? |
HIV is being transmitted intentionally to blacks as a genocidal project. Hive is an engineered microbe. |
What subtypes of group M of the HIV-1 strain are most widespread?  |
| A and C |
| How many genetically distinct subtypes are there of HIV-1? |
9 Plus Circulating Recombinant Forms |
| What is evidence for HIV-1 and HIV-2 bing a zoonotic? |
Biochemical similarities of SIV and HIV. SIVsm contains genes nearly identical to HIV-2. |
| What subtype of the group M of the HIV-1 strain is limited to East, and Central Africa? |
| D |
| Where are the sites of druh actions in teh viral life cycle? |
Docking Sites Reverse Transcriptase Integration (DNA) Synthesis Packaging Release |
| What "players" are involved in the Epidemiological Triad? |
Agent Enviroment Host |
| What is the regulatory gene in HIV-2 that differentiates it from HIV-1? |
| BPX |
| What are the two major strains of HIV and where are they primarily found? |
HIV-1 - Worldwide HIV-2 - Camaroon, West Africa |
| What are the 4 separate groups of the HIV-1 strain? |
M - Major N - New O - Outlier P - New |
| Why do opportunistic infections occur in hiv infected patients and not very often in persons uninfected with HIV? |
| Immune Systems is supressed or non-existant. |
| Name two Nucleoside Analogs. |
Azydothymadine (Retrovir) Tenofir (Viread) |
| What is the regulatory gene in HIV-1 that differentiates it from HIV-2? |
| BPU |
| Subtype B in group M of the HIV-1 strain is most commonly transmitted through what mode of transmission? |
| Sexual Contact |
| Dscribe advanced HIV disease. |
Persistant white spots or unusual lesions on tongue or in your mouth. Lose fat everywhere but not between the shoulder blades. |
| What needs to happen in order to break the cycle of an epidemic? |
| Get rid of reservoir. |
| Where are the incidence and prevalence highest? |
| Sub-Saharan Africa |
| What is the difference between HIV strain 1 and 2? |
| Regulatory Gene |
| How is the epidemic for African Americans and Hispanic/Latino populations in the U.S.? |
| Larger and more prevalent. |
| What are the most common issues that dictate areas or countries where HIV is most prevalent? |
Cultural Mores Lack of Education Lack of Resources |
| HIV-1 has ow many groups? |
| 4 |
| What part is different between a nucleoside and a nucleotide? |
| The oxygen. |
| What is the cycle of transmission of infectious disease? |
Host Mode of Escape Resovior Mode of Transmission |
| Which country holds 70% of worldwide HIV infections? |
| Sub-Saharan Africa |
| What subtype of group M of the HIV-1 strain is most common in Europe, the Americas, Japan, and Austrailia? |
| B |
| In the process if viral infection how does a CCR5 Antagonist work? |
| Helps stop infection of Macrophages. |
| What are the criteria for deciding if a disease qualifies as a zoonotic disease? |
| Must pass from animal to humans. |
| What is the study of the distributin and determinants of health related states and events in populations and the control of health problems? |
| Epidemiology |
| Describe the most common opportunistic infections including a brief symptomatic listing. |
Pneunocystic Carinii Pneumonia: Caused by a protozoan found in virtually everyone in the U.S. age 30-40. Fever, Non-Productive Cough, and Shortness of Breath. Candida Albicans Candidiasis: Caused by fungus. Normally associated with vaginal infections. Growth in mouth and tissues. |
| What are the three major routes of transmission of HIV? |
Sexual Contact Direct Injection Mother to Child |
| Give two example of why people might support the conspiracy theories proposed by the Harlem AIDS forum. |
The Tuskegee Experiment in hich poor blacks were denied treatment for Syphilis in order to be monitored by researchers. Segregated doctors offices before the Civil Rights Movement. |
| What are the requirements of an efficient drug treatment of HIV? |
Be effective regardless of nutrition, health, status,a nd ethnicity of the population. Protect against all HIV subtypes. Protect against any route. Be inexpensive. Easy to transport. Stable |
