Adaptive Immunity Flashcard
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Unlock answers| The immune response |
innate- defence against any pathogen immunity- specific antibody and lymphocyte response to an antigen antigen (ag)- a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies in sensitized t cells Antibody (ab)- protiens made in response to an antigen |
| innate |
| Defence against any pathogen |
| Immunity |
| specific antibody and lymphocytic reesponse to an antigen |
| Antigen (ag) |
| a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells |
| Antibody (ab) |
| protiens made in response to an antigen |
| Serology |
| the study of the reaction between antibodies and an antigen |
| Antiserum |
| Genetic term for serum because it contains antibodies |
| Globulins |
| Serum protiens |
| Gamma (y) globulins |
| Serum factor containing antibodies |
| immunoglobulin |
| antibody |
| Aqquired immunity |
developed during a lifetime humoral- involves antibodies produced by b cells Cell mediated immunity- involves t cells |
| Humoral immunity |
involves antibodies produced by B cells Humoral immune response-the antibody immune response used by Bcells to fight exogenous antigens |
| cell mediated immunity |
involves T cells cell mediated immune response- immune responce used byy t cells to ight intracellular pathogens and abnormal body cells |
Natuarlly aquired immunity active process |
| antigen enters the body naturally; body produces antibodies and speciallized lympocytes |
naturally aquired immunity passive process |
| antibodies pass from mother to offspring via the placenta or the mothers breast milk. |
artificially aquired immunity active |
| vaccines, antigens are introduced via vaccines and the body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes in response. |
artificially aquired immunity passive |
| performed antibodies in immune serum are introduced into the body by injection. |
| Humoral immunity |
B cells form and mature in bone marrow antibody- immune protien- immunoglobulin soluble- circulate in blood and lymph fight- extracellular bacteria, viruses, toxins, transplants, |
| cell mediated immunity |
T cells form in bone marrow and mature in thymus gland. cytotoxic "killer" t cells directally attack cells and release perforin fights- intracellular bacteria, paracites, tumors, and transplants |
| perforin |
| protien molecule in the cytoplasm of cytotoxic t cells that forms channels in the infected cell |
| Antigenic determinent |
| the sight on the surface of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attatches itself to. also know as an epitope |
| epitope |
| the sight on the surface of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attatches itself. also known as an antigenic determinent |
| Oppasisation |
| involves the binding o an opsonin. i.e. antibody to the pathogens cell membrane that attracts phagocytes |
| agglutination |
| latin for "to glue to" the clumping together in suspension of antigen bearing cells, microorganisms, or particles in the presance of specific antibodies. |
| neutralization |
| neutralizizin a toxin or bacterium/ making them ennefective. |
| complement activation |
| the sequential activation of serum components c-1 through c-9 by and electrolyete-antibody complex that cause osmotic lysis of target as well as inflamation and opsinisation |
| antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity |
| effector cell of the adaptive immune system actively lysis target that has been bound by specific antibodies |
| IgG antibody |
monomer 80%of serum antibodies fix complement blood, lymph, and intestine cross placenta enhance phagocytosis; nuetralize toxins and viruses; protect fetus and newborn Half life of 23 days. |
| Exogenous antigen |
| originates from microbes located outside the body's cell.; include toxins and other secretions and components of microbial cell walls, membranes, flagella, and pili |
| Endogenous antigen |
produced by intracellular microbes and are typically incorperated into the host cells membrane The immune system cannot assess the health of cells that have been invaded intracellularly.; it responds if the body's cells incorperate such antigens into they cytoplasmic membrane |
| autoantigen |
| a component of a normal body cell that might mistakenly trigger an immune responce. |
| antigen |
| a molecule that triggers a specific immune response |
| Haptens |
| small molecules that are to small to cause an immune responce unless they bond to larger bodies (such as RBC or platelets) become antigenic and stimulate the production of antibodies |
| Major histocompatable antigens |
| histo is greek for tissue and compatibilis is latin for aggreable. important for tissue grafting |
| Major Histocompatible complex |
| a cluster of genes, located on each copy of chromosone 6 in humans that codes for membrane bound glycoprotiens called major histocompatible antigens. |
| MHC1 |
| functions to hold and position epitopes for presentation to t cells. MHC1 is found on all cells except RBCs |
| MHC2 |
| functions to hold and postition epsitopes for presentation to Tcells. found on B cells and antigen presenting cells |
| Antigen presenting cell (APC) |
cells that regurally present antigens B-cells Macrophages Dendridic cells Microglia (brain) Kopffer (liver) |
| Dendritic cell |
| cell that is found in the epidermis and mucous membrane that devours pathogens and presents antigens. MHC2 |
| CD cluster of differentiation |
| identification and diferiation system used to classify WBCs by their surface molecules |
| CD4 |
| found on helper T cells |
| CD8 |
| found on cytotoxic Tcells |
| helper T cells |
| function to assist in regulation the actions of B cells and cytotoxic T cells during immune response by providing necessary signals and growth factors |
| Cytotoxic T cells |
| diretally kill other cells, those infected with viruses and or other intracellular pathogens, as well as, abnormal cancer cells |
| Nonspecific immune cells |
APCs NK cells WBCs |
| Natural Killer Cells (NK) |
| type of defensive leukocyte of the inate immune system that secretes toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells and neoplasms |
| Lympocytes include |
| B cells and T cells |
| B cells produce. . . |
| antibodies |
| Types of T cells |
T helper cell (Th) T helper 1 (Th1) T helper 2 (Th2) Cytotoxic T cell (Tc) Delayed sensitivity cells (Td) T suppresor cells (Ts) |
| T helper 1 (Th1) |
| Interluken 2 and interferon gama, stimulates Tc cells |
| T helper 2 |
| makes interluken 4, stimulates B cells |
suppresor T cell now known as regulatory T cells (Tr cells) |
| repress adaptive immune responces and prevent auto immune disease. they exspress CD4 and CD25 |
| IGM antibody |
Pentamoner 5-10% of serum antibodies fix complement In blood, lymph, on B cells aggluinates microbes, first Ab produced in responce to infection HL of five days |
| IGA antibody |
10 to 15% of serum antibodies in secretions/ tears and breast milk mucosal protection hl of 6 days |
| IGD antibody |
monomer 0.2% of serum antibodies in blood, lymph, and on B cells on B cells initiates immune responce half life of 3 days |
| IGE antibody |
monomer 0.002% of serum protiens on mast cells and basophils and in blood allergic reactions and lysis of parasitic worms hl of 2 days |
Cytotoxic T cells- CD8
|
`1. primarly attac cells infected by viruses or other intracellular microbes, cancer cells, and transplant cells 2. activation results in apoptosis of target cell a. depriving antigen of host and exsposing it to antibodies 3. mechinisms (not really understood) a secretes perforing and granzymes perforin punces holes in the cells wall alowing granzymes to enter the cell and degrade intralcellular components |
| Cell mediated immunity steps |
1. antigen invades inate defense 2. APC takes up antigen and breaks it down 3. MHC and antigen fuze and are transported to the cellular membrane. 4. T cells come along, recognize the antigen as foriegn, T cells become active 5. active T cells divide and diferentiate. |
| Titer |
the highest dilution of blood serum giving a positive reaction during titration. Titration- serial dilution of blood serum to test for agglutination activity |
| Seroconversion |
| is the deveopment of detectabel specific antibodies to microogranisms in blood serum as the result of infection or immunization |
Interlukin 1
|
| Stimulates helper t cells |
| Interluken 2 |
| activates helper t cells |
| Interlukin 12 |
| causes the diferentiation of CD4 cells |
| Gamma intereron |
| causes an increase in the number of macrophages |
| chemokines |
| causes macrophages to move to an infection |
| colony stimulating factors |
| stimulates red blood cells and white blood cells and the formation of stem cells. |
