p101 chapter 1 and 2 – Flashcards

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mind and body are separate entities that interact to produce sensations, emotions and other conscious experiences

today, focus on interaction of environment and genetics

scientific discoveries demonstrated that the scientific method could be applied to behavior and mental processes.

1832-1920 founder of psychology 1874-landmark text Principles of Physiological Psychology 1879—First psychology lab at the University of Leipzig Psychology: Study of Consciousness

student of wudnt. professor at cornell university developed approach called structuralism involving introspection and studying basic components of conscious experiences focused on basic sensory and perceptual processes measured reaction times criticized for relying on introspection

started psychology at Harvard in 1870s opposed Wundt and Titchener's approach his ideas shaped school of functionalism—also influenced by Darwin to focus on how behaviors help us adapt to the environment Functionalism stressed the importance of how behavior functions to allow people and animals to adapt to their environments

Behaviorism: School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning started with ivan pavlov promoted in the U.S by John Watson 1913 goal of behaviorists is acquired and modified in response to environmental influences BF Skinner believed that psychology should restrict itself by studying outwardly observable behaviors that could be measures and verified in compelling experimental demonstrations. rats and pigeons were subjects

1856-1939 Austrian physician - not a psychologist Challenge to structuralism and functionalism Started school of thought called psychoanalysis: personality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in personality and behavior Behavior and personality influenced by unconscious conflicts Emphasized sexual and aggressive nature of unconscious processes Powerful influence on later theories of psychology .

Based on Maslow and Rogers Focuses on personal growth , interpersonal relationships, and self-concept Humanistic perspective is often emphasized among psychologists working in the mental health field

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Individualistic cultures—those that emphasize the needs and goals of the individual over the needs and goals of the group Collectivistic culture—those that emphasize the needs and goals of the group over the needs and goals of the individual

clinical psychology

Not all psychologists are clinicians Clinical psychologists are trained in the diagnosis, treatment, causes, and prevention of psychological disorders Clinical psychologists have Ph.D. or Psy.D. degrees Psychiatrists have medical degrees (M.D. or D.O.) followed by specialized training in the diagnosis, treatment, causes, and prevention of psychological disorders They emphasize biological factors and use biomedical therapies, such as prescription drugs, electroconvulsive therapy, and transcranial magnetic stimulation

Describe behavior Explain behavior Predict behavior Control or influence behavior

verifiable evidence that is based upon objective observation measurement and/ or observation

operational definition: a precise description of how the variables in a study will be manipulated or measured hypothesis: a tentative statement about the relationship between 2 or more variables; testable prediction or question theory: a tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for the relationship of various findings and observations

The experimental method is used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. Conducting an experiment involves deliberately varying one factor, which is called the independent variable. The researcher then measures the changes, if any, that are produced in a second factor, called the dependent variable. Independent variable: Purposely manipulated factor thought to produce change in an experiment. Also called the treatment variable. Dependent variable: Factor that is observed and measured for change in an experiment; thought to be influenced by the independent variable. Also called the outcome variable Extraneous variable: A factor or variable other than the ones being studied that, if not controlled, could affect the outcome of an experiment. Also called a confounding variable. Experimental group or experimental condition: Group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, including the independent variable. Random assignment: All participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the experimental groups or conditions. Random assignment helps ensure that any potential differences among the participants are spread out evenly across all experimental conditions Single-blind study: Researchers, but not the subjects, are aware of critical information. Double-blind technique: Both the participants and the researchers interacting with them are blinded, or unaware of the treatment or condition to which the participants have been assigned. demand characteristics: subtle cues or signals by the researcher that communicate the type of responses that are expected.

random sampling: process in which subjects from a larger group such that every group memberhas an equal chance of being included in the study representative samples: selective segment that very closely parallels the larger population being studied on relevent characteristics

Highly detailed description of a single individual Generally used to investigate rare, unusual, or extreme conditions Quite useful in clinical, neurological, and neuroscientific areas Researchers directly observe and record behavior rather than relying on subject descriptions Goal of naturalistic observation is to detect the behavior patterns that exist naturally—patterns that might not be apparent in a laboratory Allows researchers to study human behaviors that cannot ethically be manipulated in an experiment Descriptive Research Methods: Describe a set of facts Do not look for relationships between facts Do not predict what may influence the facts May or may not include numerical data

The experimental method is used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables hypothesis Main effect Independent variable Dependent variable Extraneous variable

positron emision tomography (PET) detects increased blood by utilization of radioglucose magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analyzes molecular response of nervous tissue to magnetic fields functional MRI (fMRI) use magnetic fields to detenct metabolic activity in nervous system and detail neural activity

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any change attributed to the personas beliefs and expectations rather than to an actual drug treatment, or procedure. Also called the expectancy effect. placebo: a fake substance treatment, or procedure that has no known direct effects. expentancy effects: change in dependent variable produced by subjects expectancy that should happen.

APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology APA Learning Goal 2: Research Methods in Psychology

mean: the sum of the set of scores in a distribution divided by the number of scores. the mean is also known as the average. median: the score that divides a frequency distribution in half. the same number of scores fall above and below the median mode: the most frequently occuring score in the distribution standard deviation: the square root of the sum of the squared deviations from the mean divided by the number of scores in the distribution. The larger the standard deviation, the more spread out are the scores in a distribution. Range - the highest score in the distribution minus the lowest score, a simple measure of variability. Correlational Study: research strategy to calculate how strongly related two factors are.

Neuron: A specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell Found in the Nervous System 3 types: -Sensory -Motor -Interneurons (most common) No they all look differently

Sensory neuron: environment to central nervous system, input to brain, (light, sound, smell, taste, feeling) Motor neuron: Central nervous system to muscles, info to muscles and bodies glands

Astrocytes: provide connections between neurons and blood vessels, brain development and communication Microglia: remove nervous system waste products Oligodencrocytes: form myelin sheath