AP Biology: Chapter 14 Guided Reading Assignments – Flashcards
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Who were the two strong influences on Mendel's education?
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Christian Doppler and Franz Unger
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Character
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Heritable feature that varies among individuals
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Trait
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Each variant of a character
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True-Breeding
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Successive generations continue to produce offspring with the same phenotype
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Hybridization
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Crossing of two true breeding varieties
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P Generation
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Parental generation
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F1 Generation
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First filial generation
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F2 Generation
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Second filial generation
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Alleles
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Alternative versions of a gene
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Punnet Square
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Diagram used to illustrate a cross
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Homozygous
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Identical alleles for a character
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Heterozygous
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Two different alleles for a character
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Phenotype
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Observable trait
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Genotype
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Genetic makeup
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In your own words, what is Mendel's Law of Segregation?
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Ganetes only get one of two alleles
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Give an example of a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross.
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purple flowers (PP) x White Flowers (pp) and Green Wrinkled (yyrr) x Yellow Round (YYRR)
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What is the Law of Independent Assortment and how does this "law" relate to meiosis?
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-Each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation -Genes must be on different chromosomes, non-homologous -Genetes are formed in meiosis
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Write your own example for the Law of Independent Assortment
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yellow round x green wrinkled offspring one yellow, round/ yellow wrinkled/ green round/ green wrinkled
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Define and then explain in your own words both the Rules of Multiplication and the Rules of Addition
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-Rule of multiplication: Multiply the probability of one event by the probability of the other event -Rule of addition: probability that any one of two events will occur is calculated by adding their individual probabilites
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Contrast co-dominance and incomplete dominance
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-Co Dominance: both traits (forms) are expressed in the offspring + red x white = red with white strips -Incomplete Dominance: neither allele is dominant, a blending occurs + red x white = pink
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Why do we need to look at genetics at both organismal and the molecular level?
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Organismal at one level, an allele can qualify as reccessive-ex. Tay Sachs at the molecular level, the normal allele and the Tay Sach's allele are co-dominant
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Does having a dominant allele mean that it will be found in greater frequency in the population?
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No, due to natural selection
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What are multiple alleles?
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More than 2 alleles determine a trait
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What does the term Pleiotropy mean?
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One gene having multiple phenotype effects
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In your own words, explain epistasis
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One allele affects the expression of another allele
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What would be your "clue" that a character would have polygenic inheritance pattern?
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-A large variety of phenotypes -An addictive effect
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What is a pedigree and how does it help in our understanding of genetics?
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Family tree- shows how a particular trait is inherited across generations
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Cystic Fibrosis
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-Recessive -Chloride charmels in plasma membrane are defective -Mucu > builds up in lungs, pancreas, digestive organs
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Sickle cell disease
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-Recessive -Pain, weakness, organ damage -Substitution of a single a mine acid -Sickle shaped cells in the blood, clogs blood vessels
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Achondroplasia
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-Dominant -Heterozygotes are dwarfs
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Huntington's disease
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-Dominant -Onset is age 35+ -Degererative disease of nervous system
