test 1 psychology - Flashcards

Q: Which of the following is NOT an empirical question?

\"Would Martin Luther King, Jr. have been a good president?\"

question

Which of the following is NOT an empirical question?

answer

"Would Martin Luther King, Jr. have been a good president?"

question

A correlation coefficient shows that alcohol consumption and driving accidents are indeed related. As a result, a researcher could predict ________ if the direction of the relationship is known.

answer

the number of driving accidents a person has will go up or down based on the number of alcoholic drinks consumed

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Vido has a master's degree and is interested in working on the causes of poverty. What type of professional is Vido most likely to become?

answer

psychiatric social worker

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While Margaret Floy Washburn may have been the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States (in 1894), the first African-American woman to do so was ________ in 1934 at the University of Minnesota.

answer

Ruth Howard

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Humanist Abraham Maslow suggests that when people reach self-actualization, they:

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develop to their fullest potential.

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A good control group ________.

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holds constant all variables in the experiment

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Shorey (2001) found that the brutal death of a Somolian prisoner in a Canadian military facility could have been prevented. One reason the beating was not stopped was the ________.

answer

bystander effect

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Professor Beverly approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes bodily events and chemicals, such as hormones, associated with behavior. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches?

answer

biopsychological

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Systematically collecting data in real-world environments is the essence of which descriptive research method?

answer

naturalistic observation

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A case study would be the most appropriate method to investigate which of these topics?

answer

the development of a male baby raised as a female after a surgical error destroyed his penis

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Testing a hypothesis is the third step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from which goal of psychology?

answer

explaining

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Which of the following is CORRECT concerning random assignment?

answer

In random assignment, each participant has an equal chance for each condition.

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The structuralists were important in the history of psychology because they:

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examined consciousness and the structure of mental processes

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Which of the following questions could be answered best by using the survey method?

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Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses?

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Sandi believes that people who eat at McDonald's are overweight, so she decides to do a naturalistic observation of people who eat at McDonald's. What should most concern us about Sandi's observations?

answer

observer bias

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A correlation coefficient represents two things: ________ and ________.

answer

strength; direction of the relationship

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Ken is planning on studying the influence of intelligence on the ability to recall events from the 1960s. If Ken does not account for variables such as age, which could also influence one's ability to recall these events, age could be considered a(n) ________.

answer

confounding variable

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The question "When will it happen again?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

answer

prediction

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In studying the bystander effect, a researcher is interested in looking at differences between prison guards in China and the United Kingdom. The researcher is taking a ________ perspective in this crosscultural study.

answer

sociocultural

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Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology?

answer

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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If you are interested in how patterns, beliefs, and customs influence behavior, you are interested in the ________ perspective.

answer

sociocultural

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The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behavior is part of what early field of psychology?

answer

psychoanalysis

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When you watch dogs play in the park, or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you are engaging in a form of ________.

answer

naturalistic observation

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Dr. Wiseman wants to know about the alcohol consumption patterns among college juniors in the United States. He should ________.

answer

draw a representative sample among college juniors

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In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the dependent variable is ________.

answer

the number of collisions

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Each of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association EXCEPT ______

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participants cannot be deceived or have information concealed from them at any time during an experiment

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A psychologist is interested in finding out why identical twins have different personalities. This psychologist is most interested in the goal of ________.

answer

explanation

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Which topic would NOT be investigated by a psychologist if the definition of psychology were limited to "the science of behavior"?

answer

thought processes students used while trying to answer this question

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Which pair of scientists shared the most similar views of behavior?

answer

Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson

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The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. "I'll take Specialties in Psychology for $300." The revealed answer is, "These psychological professionals work with situations in which environmental conditions may have an impact on mental health." Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say?

answer

"What is a psychiatric social worker?"

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Mei was sent to the school psychologist to be tested. Based on her IQ scores, it was decided that she would do well in the gifted child program. This is an example of which goal of psychology?

answer

predicting behavior

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Perceiving the question is the first step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from which goal of psychology?

answer

describing

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A perfect correlation, whether positive or negative, is _____________ in the real world.

answer

rare

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A researcher stops people at the mall and asks them questions about their attitudes toward gun control. Which research technique is being used?

answer

survey

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The magazine Desperate Wives publishes a survey of its female readers called "The Sex Life of the American Wife." It reports that 87 percent of all wives like to make love in rubber boots. The critical flaw in this research would be _________.

answer

the fact that the sample is not representative of American wives

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Which psychologist was the first African-American to receive a Ph.D. in educational psychology from the University of Chicago in 1925?

answer

Charles Henry Thompson

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The school of behaviorism attempted to explain behavior by studying:

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how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response.

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According to present research on psychologists, thirty-four percent are in the ________ subfield of psychology.

answer

clinical

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In the definition of psychology, the term mental processes refers to ________.

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internal, covert activities

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In the early part of the past century, psychologists who broke down thought processes into their basic elements and analyzed them were called structuralists. What term might we use to describe psychologists with similar interests today?

answer

cognitive

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which of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association?

answer

Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision.

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Which of the following is an empirical question?

answer

"Is there life on other planets?"

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A group of randomly selected subjects for a study that matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex is called ________.

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a representative sample

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A researcher is investigating the effects of exercise on weight. What are the independent and dependent variables in this experiment?

answer

The dependent variable is weight; the independent variable is exercise

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Several years ago, two scientists announced that they had evidence of "cold fusion" in the laboratory, but further studies failed to replicate their findings, and it was later found that the original scientists had used sloppy methods. This highlights which of the following critical thinking principles?

answer

All evidence is not equal in quality.

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A correlation coefficient shows that smoking and life expectancy are indeed related. As a result, a researcher could predict that ________ if the direction of the relationship is known

answer

the person's life expectancy will go up or down based on the number of cigarettes the person smokes daily

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Freud said phobias were ________ whereas Watson said phobias were ________.

answer

repressed conflicts; learned

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Double-blind studies control for ________.

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both the placebo effect and the experimenter effect

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The emerging field of brain imagery in cognitive neuroscience has developed methods, such as MRI, to examine ________.

answer

images of the living brain

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A negative correlation means that ________.

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high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other

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Freud stressed the importance of ________.

answer

early childhood experiences

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You overhear psychology students preparing for a test. They note that one of the research methods often "fails to generalize." Which method is the MOST likely topic of their discussion?

answer

case study

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Which founding contributors to psychology helped develop behaviorism?

answer

Watson and Pavlov

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Adaris has always been drawn to the saying "Absence makes the heart grow fonder," and she decides to incorporate this saying into her research project. Adaris is trying to define absence in a way that can be empirically tested. She is attempting to find an appropriate ________.

answer

operational definition

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Marcy is trying to define anxiety in a way that can be empirically tested. She is attempting to find an appropriate ________.

answer

operational definition

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Which of the following statements is correct concerning correlation coefficients?

answer

A correlation of +.89 and -.89 are both strong and equally so.

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The majority of psychologists work in ________.

answer

four year colleges and universities

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The placebo effect means ________.

answer

the expectations of the participants influence their behavior

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n the 1970s, a 13-year-old girl was found locked up in a room, strapped to a potty chair. Since she had grown up in a world without human speech, researchers studied "Genie's" ability to acquire words, grammar, and pronunciation. This type of research is called a ________.

answer

case study

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Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization?

answer

humanism

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What is the best analogy for Wundt's and Titchener's mission for psychology?

answer

a chart listing the basic chemical elements

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Participants in research early in psychology's history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its color, shape, and texture and other aspects of their conscious experience. These individuals would have been using a method called ________.

answer

objective introspection

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The question "What is happening?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

answer

description

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While on a visit to a large city, you observe several billboards in which a series of lights seems to move. Which perspective in psychology would most likely help you understand this phenomenon?

answer

Gestalt

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The word correlation is often used as a synonym for ________

answer

relationship

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The question "Why is it happening?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

answer

explanation

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On a television talk show, an actor describes the symptoms of anxiety he has been experiencing. He reports that the severity of the symptoms has decreased since he has been taking a drug prescribed by his therapist back in Hollywood. You conclude that the actor's therapist is probably a ________.

answer

psychiatrist

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As part of a psychology experiment, Brett decides to measure a person's "anxiety" by noting the number of blinks a person makes in a twenty minute social interaction with a stranger. Brett appears to have offered a(n) ________ of anxiety.

answer

operational definition

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Julie finds that the number of hours she sleeps each night is related to the scores she receives on quizzes the next day. As her sleep approaches 8 hours, her quiz scores improve; as her sleep drops to 5 hours, her quiz scores show a similar decline. Julie realizes that ________.

answer

there is a positive correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades

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The first step in any scientific investigation is ________.

answer

perceiving the question

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Which research method involves watching behaviors as they occur without intervening or altering the behaviors in any way?

answer

naturalistic observation

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Dr. Braunz has been treating a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. She decides to write a prescription for Ritalin. Given this information, it is most likely that Dr. Braunz is a ______

answer

psychiatrist

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You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and self-actualization. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented?

answer

humanism

question

In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the independent variable is ________.

answer

the use of nicotine

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Critical thinking means making judgments based on _______

answer

reason and logical evaluation

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The work of Freud was built around _____

answer

a theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts

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Roger went to McDonald's to observe people eating in fast-food restaurants. He brought a camera crew and bright lights, and they all wore yellow jump suits. Roger said he wanted to do a naturalistic observation but may have had some problems because of ________.

answer

observer effects

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The steps or procedures an experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in a study is called the ________.

answer

operational definition

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Which of the following statements is correct?

answer

A psychologist has no medical training

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Wesleyan University researchers Jameson and colleagues conducted a study to explore the negative stereotypes of collegiate athletes as "dumb jocks." In their study, the researchers found

answer

negative stereotypes in higher education may contribute to collegiate student athletes underperforming in academics

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Which of the following statements is true about naturalistic observation?

answer

It involves observing behavior in its natural context.

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A correlation coefficient is represented by the symbol ___

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small letter "r"

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Which correlation coefficient is most likely to describe the relationship between brushing one's teeth and the number of cavities one gets?

answer

-.62

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The question "How can it be changed?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

answer

control

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Two groups of graduate students were given rats and were told to teach them how to run mazes. Group 1 was told that they had "very smart" rats that should learn quickly. Group 2 was told that they had "very stupid" rats that should learn slowly. In actuality, neither group was any different, and the rats were randomly assigned. In spite of that, when the experiment concluded, Group 1 rats had learned the maze much more quickly. How can that be explained?

answer

experimenter effect

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The action potential causes neurotransmitters to be released into the _

answer

synapse

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Electroencephalograph is to electroencephalogram as __

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machine is to tracing

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The brain is divided into several different structures on the bottom part of the brain referred to as the "hindbrain." Which of the parts of the brain listed below is NOT located in the hindbrain?

answer

thalamus

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A specialized cell that makes up the nervous system that receives and sends messages within that system is called a _______

answer

neuron

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Since Jessica suffered a head injury in a car accident 3 months ago, she has not experienced dreams as she had in the past. She used to dream vivid, active dreams. Which part of her brain was most likely affected during the car accident, which is related to her problem dreaming?

answer

pons

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The part of the occipital lobe that is responsible for receiving visual information from the eyes is called the

answer

primary visual cortex

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________ plays a critical role as a neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscles to contract.

answer

Acetylcholine

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Sara has been experiencing a serious memory problem. An interdisciplinary team has ruled out a range of causes and believes that a neurotransmitter is involved. Which neurotransmitter is most likely involved in this problem?

answer

acetylcholine

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Adironke has recently been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Her psychiatrist tells her that there are several different brain areas that might contribute to her various symptoms. Which of the following would the psychiatrist be unlikely to name as an involved brain structure?

answer

the striate nucleus

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The ________, located on the top of the kidneys, secrete(s) hormones that regulate salt intake, control stress reactions, and provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence.

answer

adrenal glands

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Your teacher asks you to describe the sequence of parts of a neuron that the impulse travels during neural conduction. Which of the following sequences will you offer?

answer

dendrites, soma, axon, synaptic knob

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Involuntary muscles are controlled by the ________ nervous system.

answer

autonomic

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Marika needs to have a neuroimaging test that will track the activity of her brain, but wants to use a radioactive tracer that is more easily obtained than those used for PET. Which of the following offers the best alternative based on Marika's needs?

answer

single photo emission computed tomography (SPECT)

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The branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons are called

answer

dendrites

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The thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres is called the:

answer

corpus callosum

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Joella was rollerblading when a cat jumped right in front of her, causing her to trip and fall. When she fell, she partially landed on the front side of her head near her forehead. Shortly afterward, Joella exhibited symptoms similar to that of Phineas Gage. Which lobe would have been most affected by this fall?

answer

frontal

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Pain-controlling chemicals in the body are called

answer

endorphins

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Which of the following best represents the order in which a neuron receives and transmits information?

answer

dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals

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Neuroplasticity is most evident in which of the following circumstances?

answer

when we learn something new or store new information

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One purpose of the ________ is to speed up the neural message traveling down the axon

answer

myelin

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Rashad is in the hospital and is about to undergo a brain-imaging process that involves placing him inside a magnetic field so that a computer can create three-dimensional images of his brain. What procedure is he about to undergo?

answer

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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Which of the following cognitive abilities has been found to be normal in people diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

answer

some aspects of attention

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Which of the following regions contains the somatosensory cortex?

answer

parietal lobe

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Because they have similar chemical structures, morphine and heroin are able to lock into receptor sites for ________.

answer

endorphins

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During action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is ________ the electrical charge outside the neuron.

answer

positive compared to

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The area at the back of the left temporal lobe that is crucial in the ability to listen, process, and understand what others are saying is ________ area.

answer

Wernicke's

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Which of the following are responsible for acting as a facilitator of communication between neurons?

answer

interneurons

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Signals from the neurons of which sense are not sent to the cortex by the thalamus?

answer

smell

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Mary put her hand on a hot stove. Which neuron is responsible for sending a pain message up her spinal column, where it would then enter into the main area of the cord?

answer

sensory neuron

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The term neurotransmitter refers to

answer

a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse

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The effect of alcohol is to enhance the effect of _________, which causes the general inhibition of the nervous system associated with getting drunk.

answer

GABA

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Reuptake is _____

answer

a process by which neurotransmitters are sucked back into the synaptic vesicles

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What is the function of myelin?

answer

to speed up neural impluse

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John has decided to start to learn how to wrestle. On his first day at practice, a seasoned wrestler slams the back of his head to the mat. John was shaken and reported to the trainer that he "saw stars" after he hit his head. As a result of "seeing stars," John's ______ was temporarily affected as a result of the slam.

answer

occipital lobe

question

Endorphins are ______

answer

pain controlling chemicals

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The cortex is divided into two sections referred to as

answer

cerebral hemispheres

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The central nervous system consists of

answer

the brain and spinal cord

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When a neuron fires, it fires in a(n) ________ fashion, as there is no such thing as "partial" firing

answer

all or none

question

Which of the following are tiny sacs in an axon terminal that release chemicals into the synapse?

answer

synaptic vesicles

question

The branch of life sciences which involves the structure and function of the brain and nervous system, while also focusing on the relationship between learning and behavior, is called

answer

neuroscience

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Which is NOT a specific function of the right hemisphere of the brain?

answer

analysis of detail

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The state during which a neuron contains more negatively charged ions inside the cell than outside the cell and is not firing is referred to as the

answer

resting potential

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Which of the following is the upper part of the brain consisting of two cerebral hemispheres and the structures that connect them?

answer

cerebrum

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Tim is overweight. His physician has decided to test him to see if there is a problem with the regulation of his __________. Which endocrine gland will be the focus of diagnostic testing?

answer

thyroid

question

Which of the following coordinates involuntary rapid fine-motor movement?

answer

cerebellum

question

Incoming sensory messages are made sense of in

answer

the association areas

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Endocrine glands

answer

secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

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The two types of glial cells are called ________ and _______

answer

oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells

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Which of the following lobes are involved in planning, memory, and personality?

answer

frontal lobes

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Why do many reflexes, such as pulling your hand away from a hot iron, happen so quickly?

answer

The message involved does not have to go all the way to the brain

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The autonomic nervous system has two divisions: the ________ and the

answer

sympathetic; parasympathetic

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If Mindy's doctor has taken a series of images of her brain using X-rays, then she has likely had a(n)

answer

CT

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The function of the ________ is to carry information to and from all parts of the body

answer

nervous system

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A brain-imaging method called ______________ takes advantage of the magnetic properties of different atoms to take sharp, three-dimensional images of the brain

answer

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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The part of the neuron whose name literally means "branch" is

answer

dendrite

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The nervous system is defined as

answer

a complex network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body

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The area of the frontal lobe that is devoted to the production of fluent speech is ________ area.

answer

Broca's

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The cerebellum

answer

coordinates involuntary rapid fine-motor movement

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A researcher wants to obtain a "movie" of changes in the activity of the brain using images from different time periods. Which of these would be the best choice for this researcher?

answer

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

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Al is trying to decide whether the shower is hot enough to step in. Hal is listening to his MP3 player. Sal is looking at a beautiful painting in an art museum. Which individual is using his parietal lobe?

answer

Al

question

The fluid-filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites of the next cell is called the

answer

synapse

question

Bobby B. was rollerblading when a cat jumped right in front of him, causing him to fall. When he fell, he landed on the side of his head. Shortly afterwards, Bobby complained that he could not understand what people were saying to him. Which lobe would have been most affected by this fall given what he experienced?

answer

temporal

question

Which of the following are the three basic types of neurons?

answer

interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons

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The ________ is a structure in the brain stem responsible for life-sustaining functions, such as breathing and heart rate.

answer

medulla

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A brain-imaging method that takes computer-controlled X-rays of the brain is called

answer

computed tomography (CT)

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The function of the neuron's axon is to

answer

carry messages to other cells

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____ receive messages from other neurons and ________ send messages to other neurons.

answer

Dendrites; axons

question

What are two roles of glial cells?

answer

acting as insulation and providing structure to surrounding neurons

question

When the electric potential in a cell is in action versus a resting state, this electrical charge reversal is known as the ________.

answer

action potential

question

The saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals are called

answer

synaptic vesicles

question

Curare, a poison, works by

answer

blocking receptor sites and acting as an antagonist for acetylcholine

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After being bitten by a black widow spider, Jean starts to convulse. This is a result of

answer

a flood of acetylcholine releasing into the body's muscle system

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The brain and spinal cord are two components of the

answer

CNS, central nervous system

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Neurons found in the center of the spinal cord that receive information from the sensory neurons and send commands to the muscles through the motor neurons are called

answer

interneurons

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The peripheral nervous system consists of the ________ and ________ nervous systems

answer

autonomic; somatic

question

The sex glands, which secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction, are called

answer

the gonads

question

In order to study parts of an animal's brain, researchers may sometimes deliberately damage a part of the brain. They accomplish this by placing into the brain a thin insulated wire through which they send an electrical current that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire. This technique is called

answer

lesioning

question

Small metal disks are pasted onto Miranda's scalp and they are connected by wire to a machine that translates the electrical energy from her brain into wavy lines on a moving piece of paper. From this description, it is evident that Miranda's brain is being studied through the use of

answer

an electroencephalogram

question

Which of the following is a brain-imaging method in which radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain?

answer

positron emission tomography (PET)

question

If your ________ was damaged, you might walk oddly and have trouble standing normally.

answer

cerebellum

question

Jennifer has been diagnosed with spinocerebellar degeneration. The first stage of the disease involves tremors and unsteady gate. In the later stages, she will be unable to stand, walk, and will be uncoordinated in her movements. This disease affects the part of the brain called the

answer

cerebellum

question

The thalamus is often compared to a(n)

answer

triage nurse

question

Which part of the brain is very small but extremely powerful and controls the pituitary gland?

answer

hypothalamus

question

Eating, drinking, sexual behavior, sleeping, and temperature control are most strongly influenced by the

answer

hypothalamus

question

People suffering from Alzheimer's disease have much lower levels of acetylcholine in the

answer

hippocampus

question

The part of the brain located just behind the temples, containing neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech, is called the

answer

temporal lobes

question

Warren is having trouble deciding what he wants to eat for breakfast. Which lobe of his brain is especially active as he makes his selection?

answer

frontal

question

Phineas Gage tragically had a tamping iron propelled through his head. Both left and right sides of the prefrontal cortex were severely damaged. As a result of the accident, Phineas Gage

answer

suffered a change in personality

question

Pat has decided to undergo surgery to treat her severe epilepsy. Consequently, her doctors will use a surgical procedure in which they will sever her

answer

corpus callosum

question

Traditionally, many have made the analogy that the left brain is to the right brain as

answer

logical is to artistic

question

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called

answer

human development

question

In a _______design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages

answer

longitudinal

question

The local health department of a small town has hired a research firm to study the development of cancer in residents in the town due to a suspected cancer-causing agent and environmental pollution. The researcher will compare data on participants every ten years (e.g., at ages 10, 20, 30, etc.) to see if there are increasing rates of cancer in the town. This type of research study is called a

answer

longitudinal design

question

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the _______ method.

answer

cross-sectional design

question

Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humor. She collects data from groups of 6-year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Grant using?

answer

cross-sectional design

question

Unlike other types of research, a cross-sequential design allows researchers to

answer

combine longitudinal and cross-sectional research strategies

question

Professor Rashad is interested in studying cognitive development. He collects and compares data from a group of 6-year-olds and a group of 10-year-olds. Five years later, he compares these two groups to each other again as well as to their own performance in the study five years ago. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?

answer

cross-sequential design

question

Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?

answer

nature versus nurture

question

Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research

answer

nurture

question

Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg has been born with red hair. Each child is also very intelligent and athletic. The Orangeburgs are expecting an 11th child, who is also likely to be born with the same traits according to _______, as evidenced in the _______.

answer

nature; nature versus nurture controversy

question

According to research conducted by Ridley (1999), how could individuals like Adolf Hitler or Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev commit such acts according to the "nature versus nurture" debate?

answer

Their behaviors are the result of the interaction of nature and nurture

question

What relatively new field investigates the influence of genes and heredity on a person's actions?

answer

behavioral genetics

question

The science of heredity is called

answer

genetics

question

A special molecule, _______, contains the genetic material of the organism

answer

DNA

question

How many pairs of chromosomes are normally in each cell of the human body

answer

23

question

A gene that actively controls the expression of a trait is called a _______ gene

answer

dominant

question

A gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with another less active gene is called

answer

recessive

question

Ryan has cystic fibrosis. This means that his mother is a carrier for the cystic fibrosis gene, while his father

answer

is also a carrier

question

In _______ syndrome, the 21st pair of chromosomes contains an extra chromosome resulting in symptoms such as wide-set almond-shaped eyes and mental retardation.

answer

down

question

What is the cause of Down syndrome?

answer

an extra chromosome on the 21st pair

question

In _______ syndrome, the 23rd pair of chromosomes is missing an X, resulting in short, infertile females

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Turner's

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At fertilization, the chromosomes from the father's sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother's egg, creating a new cell called a(n)

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zygote

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The union of the ovum and sperm is called

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fertilization

question

Conjoined twins are

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monozygotic twins

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Brittany and Abby Hensel are

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conjoined twins

question

Marisa is at a point in her pregnancy when the zygote is moving down to her uterus, and the placenta and umbilical cord are beginning to form. Which period of prenatal development is Marisa currently experiencing?

answer

germinal

question

The placenta is

answer

a specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby

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The specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby is called the

answer

placenta

question

Emily and her husband are thrilled as they peer into Emily's uterus by means of an ultrasound. The physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal, and that their baby's fingers, toes, heart, and circulatory system are developing as expected. The couple learns that the baby is only an inch long. Given this information, the current stage of prenatal development is the

answer

embryonic period

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Times when certain internal and external influences have a major impact on development are called

answer

critical periods

question

Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus that can bring about a birth defect?

answer

teratogen

question

Isabelle's baby was born blind, deaf, and with heart defects and brain damage. Most likely Isabelle was exposed to _______ during her pregnancy

answer

rubella

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The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional is called the _______ period.

answer

fetal

question

The most likely cause for miscarriage during the first three months of pregnancy is

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genetic defect

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By what age do infants develop a preference for salty tastes

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four months

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At birth, newborns seem most responsive to

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high pitches and low pitches

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Which of these physical skills typically develops LAST?

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walking

question

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

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sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operations; formal operations

question

According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age, in which the child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world, is the _______ stage.

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preoperational

question

Elijah is a 3-year boy who likes to spread his peas and carrots all over his plate. After spreading out his food, he asks for more. His mom pushes all the food together and Elijah continues to eat. Which period of cognitive development is Elijah in?

answer

preoperational

question

Ron, a toddler, takes a picture and puts it to the receiver of a phone in order to "show" it to his grandmother. This example illustrates

answer

egocentrism

question

Your little brother has a big ball of clay. While he watches, you roll the ball of clay into a long snakelike shape. He begins to cry because he thinks he has less clay now. Which of Piaget's stages is your brother likely to be in?

answer

preoperational

question

In which of Piaget's stages does the child develop conservation?

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concrete operational

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Which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by abstract thinking and the creation of hypotheticals?

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formal operational

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In contrast to Piaget, Vygotsky emphasized the role of _______ during development.

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social and cultural interactions

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Which of the following illustrates Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding?

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A teacher works one-on-one with a student and then begins to withdraw help as the student becomes more skilled.

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Infants typically begin to make vowel-like sounds at around the age of

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2 months

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A baby's language, which consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations, is called

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babbling

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By about 12 months, most infants

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build a vocabulary of one-word phrases

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of temperament described by Thomas and Chess?

answer

active

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