AP Biology Chapter 6 Guided Reading – Flashcards
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Difference between magnification and resolving power
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Magnification: ration of object's image to its real size Resolving Power: measure of clarity of image
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Two Domains of Prokaryotic Cells
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a) Bacteria b) Archaea
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Pro-vs.-Eukaryotic Cells
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Eukaryotic Cell: DNA stored in nucleus Prokaryotic: DNA stored in non-enclosed region called nucleoid
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Cell Wall
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rigid structure, outside the plasma membrane (PLANT CELLS ONLY) --Three functions-- 1. protects plant cels 2. maintains its shape 3. prevents excessive uptake of H2O
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Plasma Membrane
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Membrane enclosing the cytoplasm
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Nucleoid
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Prokaryotic Cells: where DNA is Stored, not enclosed
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Cytoplasm
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interior of a prokaryotic cell
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Flagella
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locomotion organelles of some bacteria
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Surface Area to Volume Relationship
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A high ration of SA toV important because of cell-environment interchange of materials
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Microvilli
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long, thin projections on neurons and intestinal cells, increasing surface area but not volume
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Nuclear Envelope
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encloses nucleus,separating it from cytoplasm, two layers=connected=nuclear matrix
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Nuclear Lamina/Nuclear Matrix
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Lamina: net-like array of protein filaments, maintains shape of nucleus by supporting nuclear envelope Matrix: framework of fibers extending throughout nuclear interior
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Chromatin
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made of proteins and DNA cell prepares to divide, fibers condense to form two distinct chromosomes
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Chromosomes
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made of chromatin
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Nucleoli
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visible when cell divides ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are assembled here
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Ribosomes
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--MAKE PROTEINS-- carry out photosynthesis made of proteins, rRNA Can be free or bound to rough ER
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Endomembrane System
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Nuclear Envelope ER (Smooth and Rough) Vacuoles Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes
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Lumen
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cavity between membrane and cytosol
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Transport Vesicles
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travel to Golgi Apparatus, carry materials, proteins
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Smooth ER Functions
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- Synthesis of Lipids (oils, phopholipids, steroids (inc. sex cells)) - Metabolism of Carbohydrates - Detoxification of Drugs/Poisons - Add hydroxyl groups to make soluble to flush from body continuous with nuclear envelope
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Rough ER
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acts as membrane factory for cell continuous with nuclear envelope
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Golgi Apparatus
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1. Vesicles move from ER to Golgi 2. Vesicles coalesce to form new cis golgi cisternae 3. Cisternal maturation 4. vesicles form and leave golgi for other locations with proteins 5. vesicles transport some proteins backwards to less mature cistern 6. Vesicles transport back to the ER stacks of flattened membraneous sacs cis, trans faces (polarity) Postal Service Organelle
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Lysosome
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membranous sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules breakdown damaged organelles for recycling --ACIDIC--
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Autophagy
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a damaged organelle surrounded by double membrane, lysosome fuses with outer membrane of vesicle, lysosmal enzymes dismantle. process complete
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Vacuole Types
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Food Vacuoles: formed by phagocytosis Contractile Vacuoles: pump excess water from cell Central Vacuoles (PLANTS ONLY): Materials stored 1. proteins 2. pigments 3. poisonous materials for defense membrane bound, digestion, storage, waste ect.
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Mitochondria
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assist in cellular respiration founded by double membrane, inner membrane with infoldings
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Chloroplasts
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site of photosynthesis (PLANTS ONLY) two membranes around fluid stroma (made of membraneous thlakoids stacked ion grana)
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Peroxisomes
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detoxify alcohol and other harmful components
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Cytoskeleton
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network of fibers that organize structures and activities in the cells ---THREE ROLES:--- 1. Support 2. Motility 3. Regulation
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3 Fibers of Cytoskeleton
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a. Microtubles b. Microfilaments c. Intermediate Filaments
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Microtubles
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1. Maintain cell shape 2. Cell motility 3. Chromosome movements in cell division 4. Organelle movements
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Centrosome/Centriole
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Centrosome = organizing center for microtubules Centriole = two make up the centrosome ANIMALS CELLS
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Cilia vs. Flagella
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Cilia: rowing like pattern Flagella: undulating motion Both have core of microtubles sheathed in an extension of plasma membrane
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Dyneins (motor proteins)
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large contractile protein in cilia and flagella, ATP hydrolysis changes its shape
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Functions of Microfilaments
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a. Changes in cell shape b. muscle contraction c. cytoplasmic streaming d. cell motility -- Motor Proteins for microfilaments -- myosin proteins
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Functions of Intermediate Filaments
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a. anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles b. Formation of nuclear lamina
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Composition of Cell Wall
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consists of microtubles embedded into a matrix of other polysaccharides and proteins
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Primary Cell Wall
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first wall secreted, thin and flexible
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Middle Lamella
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thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins, found between primary cell walls of adjacent cells
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Secondary Cell Wall
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deposited in several laminated layers, strong and durable matrix that provides protection and support --SIMILAR TO WOOD--
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Plasmodesmata
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allow transportation between non-living cell walls of plant cells through these channels, called plasmodesmata
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Extra-Cellular Matrix (ECM) Components
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1. Collagen - Fibers are embedded iota web of proteogycon complexes 2. Fibronectin - attaches to ECM to integrins embedded in the plasma membrane 3. Proteoglycon Complex - consists of hundreds of proteogylcon molecules attached non-covalently to a long polysaccharide chain 4. Integrins - membrane proteins with 2 subunits, linkage sends signals from cell to exterior to adjust cell behavior
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Plant Cell Intercellular Junctions
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Plasmodesmata, water and small solutes may pass
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Animal Cell Tight Junction
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waterproof tight seal prevents leakage of extra celular fluids
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Animal Cell Desmosome
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like rivits, strong sheets of muscle cells to each other
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Animal Cell Gap Junction
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similar to plasmodesmata, ions, sugars, amino acids pass through - in communication with the heart
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Nucleus
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holds DNA, surrounded by nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, houses chromosomes, contains nucleoli, where ribosomal subunits are made
