question

Who were the Redeemers in the South?

answer

Southern Democrats who wanted to restore white supremacy in the South

question

How did passage of the Fifteenth Amendment shape future Republican policy?

answer

It allowed Republicans to ignore black rights in the future.

question

How did Congress respond to southern Republicans' pleas for federal protection from the racism and violence of the Ku Klux Klan?

answer

It passed the Ku Klux Klan Act and the Civil Rights Act of 1875.

question

What was the real result of the Fifteenth Amendment?

answer

It was undermined by literacy and property qualifications in southern states.

question

The Ku Klux Klan developed into a paramilitary organization, but it began as

answer

a social club for Confederate veterans who wanted to restore white supremacy

question

By 1872, many Republican leaders had come to believe that which group offered the best hope for honesty, order, and prosperity in the South?

answer

Traditional white leadership

question

How influential were African American politicians during the period southern whites derisively called "Negro domination"?

answer

Only six percent of southerners in Congress during Reconstruction were black

question

Why did African Americans prefer sharecropping to wage labor?

answer

Sharecropping freed blacks from the day-to-day supervision of whites.

question

What was the result of President Johnson's plan to unite white opponents against the Fourteenth Amendment for the election of 1866?

answer

The Republicans won a resounding victory

question

How did the Fourteenth Amendment deal with voting rights?

answer

It gave Congress the right to reduce an intransigent state's representation.

question

What occurred under the "outing system" of the 1880s?

answer

Indian children were forced to live with white families over summer vacation.

question

What did the Homestead Act of 1862 promise to potential migrants to the West?

answer

160 acres free to any citizen or prospective citizen who settled on land west of the Mississippi River for five years

question

How did the landscape of the trans-Mississippi West change between 1870 and 1900?

answer

Family farms gave way to commercial farming

question

Which of the following describes African American cowboys in the West in the late nineteenth century?

answer

They had a substantial presence in the region but not in the fiction of the time.

question

What was the easiest way to get rich in the American silver mining industry?

answer

Selling claims to land or forming mining companies and selling stock

question

By the 1870s, homesteaders discovered that most of the prime land in the West was

answer

already in the hands of speculators.

question

Which was the largest ethnic group in the western mining district of the United States in the late nineteenth century?

answer

The Irish

question

Which of the following describes the changes experienced by the Californios between 1850 and 1880?

answer

Their percentage of the state's population fell by more than 60 percent.

question

What was the outcome of the second Treaty of Fort Laramie?

answer

The treaty was violated by the U.S. government after gold was discovered in the Black Hills.

question

Which group or groups composed the population of the area from the Great Plains to the Pacific Ocean during the last decades of the nineteenth century?

answer

People from various parts of Europe, Asia, and the Americas

question

What was the outcome of the Dawes Allotment Act of 1887?

answer

Division of reservations and allotment of individual plots of land to Native Americans

question

What happened to the whites who killed eighty-one blacks during the Colfax massacre?

answer

The Supreme Court found them guilty on all charges.

question

What was the result of Republican campaigns for public education in the South during the Reconstruction period?

answer

Literacy rates rose sharply across the South.

question

What was the significance of pardons granted to rebel soldiers under the terms of Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction?

answer

The pardons restored property (except slaves) to rebel soldiers.

question

Why did many slaves travel immediately after gaining freedom?

answer

They wanted to reunite their families.

question

How did moderate Republicans and Republican Radicals differ in 1865?

answer

They wanted religious autonomy.

question

How did southern Democrats appeal to white small farmers in the early 1870s?

answer

They convinced poor whites that they paid taxes for blacks.

question

Why did President Johnson's quick reconstruction of ex-Confederate states shock reformers?

answer

He had long expressed a desire to destroy the southern planter aristocracy.

question

What was the result of the Supreme Court's ruling in the Slaughterhouse cases (1873)?

answer

It limited the authority of federal courts in cases involving the civil rights of state citizens.

question

In Lincoln's plan for reconstruction, what did a Confederate state need to do to qualify for readmission into the Union?

answer

Ten percent of the voting population needed to take an oath of allegiance before forming a new government.

question

What was the purpose of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?

answer

To decrease the Chinese population of the American West

question

What did the state and federal governments do to encourage railroad construction in the decades after the Civil War?

answer

They gave railroad companies 180 million acres of public land.

question

What was the outcome of the transformation of agriculture to big business in the South and West during the post-Civil War era?

answer

An increasing number of laborers worked land they would never own

question

Which statement describes the U.S. government's Indian policy during the middle of the nineteenth century?

answer

The government pushed Indians off their lands and into reservations.

question

In what manner did William Tecumseh Sherman successfully defeat the Comanchería?

answer

Using the scorched-earth policy he'd perfected during his March to the Sea

question

Why did the Plains Indians sign the Treaty of Fort Laramie, which ceded some of their land to allow the passage of wagon trains?

answer

They hoped to preserve their culture in the face of white onslaught.

question

Which of the following explains why the U.S. army gunned down unarmed Sioux at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota in 1890?

answer

American soldiers feared an uprising provoked by a militant interpretation of the Ghost Dance religion.

question

What occurred under the "outing system" of the 1880s?

answer

Indian children were forced to live with white families over summer vacation.

question

According to American businessmen who subscribed to the economic theory of laissez-faire, what was the role of the government in the economy?

answer

It should always intervene in the nation's economic affairs

question

According to Ida B. Wells, lynching was a problem rooted in

answer

economics and the shifting social structure of the South.

question

The turn of the twentieth century saw individual entrepreneurship in the United States yield to

answer

finance capitalism.

question

Prominent business leader of the late nineteenth century J. P. Morgan believed that

answer

consolidation and central control were preferable to competition.

question

Having stated that "the paramount issue this year is moral rather than political," supporters of Grover Cleveland in 1884 were chagrined to learn that Cleveland had

answer

fathered a child out of wedlock.

question

economic theory of laissez-faire gained political clout in the late nineteenth century because

answer

the Supreme Court increasingly was reinterpreting the Constitution to protect business.

question

What was the main purpose of crude oil in the United States before the advent of the automobile?

answer

Lubrication and lighting in the form of kerosene

question

The Greenback Labor party believed that the government should issue paper currency based on

answer

the country's total wealth

question

How did American women respond to the denial of their right to vote in the late nineteenth century?

answer

They participated in the political process though the antilynching, suffrage, and temperance movements.

question

What was the purpose of vertical integration, which was pioneered by Andrew Carnegie in the late nineteenth century?

answer

It placed all aspects of the business, from mining raw materials to marketing and transporting finished products, under the control of the chief operating officer.

question

What developed as a result of the opening of department stores in the late-nineteenth-century United States?

answer

A new consumer culture

question

What did Coney Island symbolize in the late 1800s?

answer

The rise of mass entertainment in America

question

Which of the following was an outcome of the Haymarket affair?

answer

Skilled workers turned toward the American Federation of Labor

question

What was the "Chicago school" of the late nineteenth century?

answer

A skilled group of architects who made commercial architecture a new art form

question

What late-nineteenth-century development did New York City's Brooklyn Bridge symbolize?

answer

The ascendancy of urban America

question

Which of the following developments changed the U.S. garment industry in the 1850s?

answer

Independent tailors were replaced by sweatshop workers.

question

Working as a skilled craftsman in America in the late nineteenth century

answer

was not much different from being a common laborer

question

During the 1880s, the Knights of Labor advocated for

answer

public ownership of the railroads, an income tax, and equal pay for women

question

Which of the following describes the majority of immigrants' lifestyles in the United States after 1900?

answer

They lived in cities because jobs were available there and because they did not have the money to buy land.

question

What was the main lesson learned by workers from the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?

answer

They lacked power individually but might gain it through a union.

question

What was one outcome of the depression of 1893 in the United States?

answer

It put nearly half of the labor force out of work.

question

What sparked the Homestead lockout and the ensuing strike in 1892?

answer

The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers tried to renew its contract.

question

The Platt Amendment in the 1898 Cuban constitution

answer

gave the United States the power to oversee Cuban debt.

question

The Boxer uprising in China in 1899 targeted

answer

missionaries.

question

Which one of the United States allowed women to vote in 1890

answer

Wyoming

question

After his six-month jail sentence for his part in the Pullman strike, union leader Eugene Debs believed that

answer

workers must take control and establish a socialist state.

question

What issue triggered the Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894?

answer

Owners attempted to lengthen the workday from eight to ten hours.

question

How did the Populists propose to help American farmers in the 1890s?

answer

They recommended creating a government-sponsored subtreasury.

question

Some Americans called for U.S. expansion in the 1890s to

answer

acquire new markets

question

For what reason was it difficult for the United States to win control of the Philippines after 1898?

answer

Filipino revolutionaries fought against the United States for seven years.

question

How did Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette unite his supporters during the first years of the twentieth century?

answer

He emphasized reform over party loyalty.

question

Which of the following statements describes Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom?

answer

It incorporated his belief in limited government, states' rights, and open markets

question

The Hepburn Act (1906) marked the first time that

answer

a government commission was authorized to examine the records of a private business and to set prices

question

According to Theodore Roosevelt, the absolutely vital question facing the nation when he became president in 1901 was whether

answer

the government had the power to control the trusts.

question

Which of the following statements describes the primary difference between preservationists and conservationists in the early twentieth century?

answer

Preservationists sought to protect the wilderness from all commercial exploitation, while conservationists advocated its efficient use.

question

What did President Roosevelt believe was the best way to deal with trusts in the first decade of the twentieth century?

answer

Allow them to continue but with federal government regulation

question

The progressives that influenced the United States between 1890 and 1916 were

answer

reformers with a broad agenda of concerns.

question

What did Eugene V. Debs advocate as an alternative to the progressive programs of the Republicans and Democrats?

answer

That men and women liberate themselves from the barbarism of private ownership and wage slavery

question

What was the fundamental difference between the philosophies of Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois during the progressive period?

answer

Washington focused on education and economic progress, while Du Bois emphasized civil rights and black leadership.

question

What factor explained Woodrow Wilson's victory in the 1912 presidential election?

answer

Theodore Roosevelt entered the race as a third party candidate and split the Republican vote.

question

What triggered the outbreak of World War I in 1914?

answer

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by a Bosnian Serb terrorist

question

Why did Germany decide to resume unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917?

answer

It felt it could win the war before the United States could bring its army to Europe

question

Why did Senator Henry Cabot Lodge oppose the Treaty of Versailles?

answer

He feared the League of Nations would interfere with American autonomy in foreign policy matters.

question

The immediate cause of President Wilson's decision to ask Congress for a declaration of war against Germany in 1917 was

answer

German submarine attacks on five American vessels off the coast of Great Britain.

question

How did African Americans seek to escape the South's cotton fields and kitchens between 1915 and 1920?

answer

They left the South for northern industrial cities such as Detroit and Cleveland.

question

What was the outcome of the return to free enterprise in the United States after World War I?

answer

A rise in unemployment and new conflicts between business and labor

question

How did President Wilson respond to the Germans' sinking of the Lusitania?

answer

He threatened a break in diplomatic relations with Germany.

question

What was one result of the racial and demographic shifts that took place during World War I?

answer

Race riots in two dozen northern cities

question

Which nation suffered the most casualties in World War I?

answer

Germany

question

Which group of American senators opposed the Treaty of Versailles?

answer

Republican isolationists

question

Among the first signs of economic distress in the United States in the mid-1920s was

answer

a slowdown in new construction and in automobile sales.

question

America's return to a peacetime economy in 1920 and 1921 was marked by

answer

a 20 percent unemployment rate, the highest to date.

question

In the United States, the flapper of the 1920s represented

answer

challenge to women's traditional gender roles.

question

Which relatively new industry in the 1920s linked the possession of material goods to the fulfillment of spiritual and emotional needs?

answer

Advertising

question

What did President Hoover do to offer a solution to the human problems of the depression in 1929?

answer

He instituted a voluntary recovery plan, protective tariffs, and some government intervention, including public works projects and small federal loans to states.

question

What was the fundamental cause of the Great Depression in the United States?

answer

Problems in the American and international economies

question

In its effort to create prosperity at home, the Harding administration supported

answer

high tariffs to protect American businesses.

question

By the early 1930s, unemployed workers were responding to the Great Depression by

answer

becoming increasingly outraged and turning toward militant forms of protest.

question

Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association urged black Americans in the 1920s to

answer

rediscover their African heritage and take pride in their culture and achievements

question

How did Americans respond to Alfred E. Smith's candidacy for president in 1928?

answer

As a symbol of all they feared—Catholicism, immigration, cities, and liberal attitudes

question

What was the outcome of the strike at Republic Steel outside Chicago in 1937?

answer

Strikers halted their organizing campaign after the police attacked and killed ten of them

question

What was the outcome of the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act on Native Americans?

answer

It restored Indians' right to own land communally and have greater control over their affairs.

question

Why did Roosevelt fail to push for more ambitious reforms for black Americans?

answer

He could not afford to lose the support of southern Democrats for his New Deal agenda.

question

Why didn't southern tenant farmers benefit from the programs developed by the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the Commodity Credit Corporation, and the Farm Credit Act?

answer

The programs benefitted large farmers rather than tenant farmers who rented land

question

What impact did New Deal programs have on the average national unemployment rate during the 1930s?

answer

They reduced the average unemployment rate, but it remained high, at about 17 percent, through the 1930s

question

What was the purpose of the Tennessee Valley Authority program that began in 1933?

answer

It helped supply jobs and power to impoverished rural communities.

question

In order to win the presidential election in 1932, Roosevelt had to

answer

unite the warring factions of the Democratic party

question

Who championed the "Share Our Wealth" plan of income redistribution?

answer

Huey Long

question

The economist John Maynard Keynes argued which of the following?

answer

Government intervention is needed in bad economic times to pump enough money into the economy to revive production and increase consumption

question

Which New Deal agency employed artists, musicians, actors, journalists, academics, poets, and novelists

answer

Works Progress Administration

question

In February 1945, the Big Three met at Yalta to discuss

answer

postwar self-determination for the people of Eastern Europe.

question

What was demonstrated during the six-month battle to force the withdrawal of Japanese forces from Guadalcanal in February 1943?

answer

It would be extremely costly and difficult to defeat Japan.

question

Why was the capture of Okinawa in 1944 especially crucial to Allied forces?

answer

The Allies planned to make it the launching site for an attack on the Japanese mainland.

question

Why did Roosevelt fail to support the League of Nations' attempts to keep the peace by condemning Japanese and German aggression?

answer

He feared jeopardizing isolationists' support for New Deal measures.

question

The United States dropped a second atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki only three days after the attack on Hiroshima

answer

because the first bomb did not lead to a Japanese surrender to the United States.

question

Which group was forced to train in segregated camps, live in segregated barracks, and serve in segregated units during World War II?

answer

African Americans

question

What was the objective of the Neutrality Act of 1937?

answer

prevent increasing American involvement in European affairs

question

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between American ethnic minorities and the armed forces during World War II?

answer

They fought in large numbers in the armed forces despite discriminatory treatment

question

What factors made it possible for dictators to gain and maintain power in Nicaragua and Cuba after the implementation of the good neighbor policy?

answer

They had private support from U.S. businessmen and tacit support from the Roosevelt administration.

question

Who succeeded President Roosevelt in the White House after his death on April 12, 1945?

answer

Harry Truman

question

What did Winston Churchill, then Britain's former prime minister, suggest about the Soviet Union in his iron curtain speech of 1946?

answer

Its suppression of the popular will in Eastern and Central Europe had isolated those regions from the free world.

question

Joseph Stalin believed that U.S. foreign policy after World War II was hypocritical because the United States

answer

was demanding democratic elections in Eastern Europe but supporting friendly dictatorships in Latin America.

question

What impact did World War II have on the Soviet Union?

answer

It killed more than twenty million Soviet citizens

question

What was President Truman's initial response to the Israeli declaration of statehood in 1948?

answer

He quickly recognized Israel and pledged to make its defense a cornerstone of U.S. policies in the Middle East.

question

What was Joseph Stalin's primary goal after World War II?

answer

To ensure friendly governments on its borders in Eastern Europe

question

did the United States' Asian policy change after the collapse of China's Nationalist government in 1949?

answer

It shifted its focus to Japan.

question

Which of the following describes President Truman's decision to deploy 1.8 million troops in the Korean War without a formal declaration of war from Congress?

answer

Truman's action violated the spirit if not the letter of the Constitution.

question

During the anti-Communist scare of the late 1940s and early 1950s,

answer

federal employees were investigated for Communist subversion

question

The U.S. government's policy of containment was first implemented when President Truman asked Congress to send military and economic aid to

answer

Greece and Turkey.

question

How did the U.S. government respond to the fall of China's Nationalist government?

answer

It refused to grant official recognition to the Communist government and aided the exiled Nationalists.

question

When Hungarian freedom fighters mounted a revolt against the Soviet-controlled government of their country in 1956, the Eisenhower administration

answer

did nothing, because Eisenhower was unwilling to risk American soldiers or possible nuclear war.

question

Between 1955 and 1961, the United States spent $800 million in South Vietnam, most of it to

answer

fund the South Vietnamese army.

question

Which Egyptian leader seized the Suez Canal in July 1956?

answer

Gamal Abdel Nasser

question

The three-part program for compensating, "terminating," and relocating Native Americans reflected the Eisenhower administration's commitment to

answer

limiting the scope of federal government activity.

question

In what way did the civil rights movement of the 1950s and early 1960s differ from previous efforts to end racial segregation and discrimination in the United States?

answer

It involved masses of people who used civil disobedience to bring about change

question

Between 1950 and 1960, the percentage of American families with television sets grew from less than 10 percent to

answer

almost 90 percent

question

In her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan argued that

answer

the idealization of domesticity pressured women to seek fulfillment in serving others

question

In the 1950s, most employed American women worked in

answer

clerical, service, and domestic jobs

question

In most cities during the 1950s, the black population

answer

doubled as African Americans sought economic opportunities

question

Some critics suggested that the reason for renewed interest in religion during the 1950s was

answer

Americans' need for conformity and for social outlets.

question

Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta organized the Chicanos primarily to achieve

answer

improved conditions of migrant farmworkers in California.

question

What was an important goal of the American Indian Movement in the 1960s?

answer

The establishment of survival schools to teach Indian history and values

question

Why did the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organize the Freedom Rides in 1961?

answer

To integrate interstate transportation in the South

question

The new environmentalists of the 1970s broadened the agenda of the Progressive-era conservation movement by

answer

focusing attention on the ravaging effects of industrial development on human life and health

question

Which of the following is an example of the sweeping change forged by feminists in the 1960s and 1970s?

answer

Passage of Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972

question

Why were women of color critical of white women's feminist organizations?

answer

White feminists ignored the poverty faced by many minority women

question

How did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 transform southern politics?

answer

It empowered the federal government to intervene directly to enable African Americans to register and vote.

question

What happened during civil rights demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963?

answer

The police attacked the peaceful demonstrators.

question

What did President Lyndon B. Johnson bring to the White House?

answer

Enormous skill in persuading and threatening legislators

question

Where did Malcolm X attract an especially large following?

answer

Northern urban ghettoes

question

The purpose of the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was to

answer

authorize the president to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression.

question

In 1961, a Soviet astronaut became the first human to

answer

orbit the earth.

question

What made the Tet Offensive an important turning point for President Johnson?

answer

It underscored the credibility gap between official statements and the war's actual progress

question

Why did American military officials begin calculating their progress in body counts and kill ratios in Vietnam in 1965?

answer

It was impossible to measure military success based on territory seized

question

During the Vietnam War, the FBI

answer

disrupted antiwar work and spread false information about peace activists.

question

What was the final outcome of the Vietnam War in Vietnam itself?

answer

North Vietnam occupied Saigon, and the country unified.

question

Why did East Germany erect a wall between East and West Berlin in 1961?

answer

To stop the mass exodus of East Germans to West Berlin

question

How did President Nixon and his national security advisor, Henry Kissinger, assess the deterioration of Soviet-Chinese relations?

answer

They believed the United States could exploit the conflict between the nations.

question

By 1968, the Vietnam War had

answer

made refugees of nearly 30 percent of the South Vietnamese people

question

Why, despite $1 billion in aid and seven hundred U.S. military advisers committed by the Eisenhower administration, was the situation in South Vietnam still so unstable when President Kennedy took office?

answer

The South Vietnamese government and army were ineffective, and their corruption and repression alienated their own countrymen

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