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the study of geographic phenomena by visiting and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places.

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Fieldwork

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One of the two major divisions of Geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes.

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Human Geography

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the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact. The process of _______ transcend state boundaries and have outcomes that vary across places and states.

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Globalization

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One of the two major divisions of systematic geography; the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of Earth's natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography.

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Physical Geography

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pertaining to space on the Earth's surface; sometimes used as a synonym for geographic.

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Spatial

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physical location of geographic phenomena across space.

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Spatial Distribution

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the design of spatial distribution.

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Pattern

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the study of health and disease within a geographic context and from a geographical perspective. Among other things, _______ _______ looks at sources, diffusion routes, and distributions of diseases.

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Medical Geography

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An outbreak of a disease that spreads worldwide.

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Pandemic

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Regional outbreak of a disease.

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Epidemic

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Observing variations in geographic phenomena across space.

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Spatial Perspective

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Developed by the Geographic Educational National Implemention Project (GENIP), the _____ ______ of geography are location, human-environment, region, place, and movement.

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Five Themes

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The first theme of Geography as defined by the GENIP; the geographical situation of people and things.

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Location

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A logical attempt to explain the ______ional pattern of the economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated. The agricultural _____ _______ contained in the von Thünen model is a leading example.

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Location Theory

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The second theme of geography as defined by the GENIP; reciprocal relationship between humans and environment.

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Human-Environment

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The third theme of Geography as defined by the GENIP; an area on the Earth's surface marked by a degree of formal, funtional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon.

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Region

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The fourth theme of Geography as defined by the GENIP; uniqueness of a location.

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Place

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State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certian character.

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Sense of Place

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Belief or "understanding" about a place developed through books, movies, stories or pictures.

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Perception of Place

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The fifth theme of Geography as defined by the GENIP; the mobility of people, goods and ideas across the surface of the planet.

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Movement

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Both Complementarity ( A condition that exists when two regions, through an exchange of raw materials and/ or finished products, can specifically satisfy each other's demands) and Intervening Opportunity (The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away).

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Spatial Interaction

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Measurement of the physical space between two places.

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Distance

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The degree of ease with which it is possible to reach a certian location from other locations. ________ varies from place to place and can be measured.

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Accessibility

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The degree of direct linkage between one particular location and other locations in a transport network.

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Connectivity

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The overall appearance of an area. Most _______ are comprised of a combination of natural and human-induced influences.

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Landscape

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The visible imprint of human activity and ______ on the ________. The layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts sequnetially imprinted on the ______ by the activities of various human occupants.

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Cultural Landscape

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The notion that succesive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.

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Sequent Occupance

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The art and science of making maps, including data compilation, layout, and design. Also concerned with the interpretation of mapped patterns.

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Cartography

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Maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of _______, typically latitude and longitude.

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Reference Maps

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Maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute of the movement of a geographic phenomenon.

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Thematic Maps

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The position of place of a certian item on the surface of the Earth as expresed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude, 0° to 90° north or south of the equator, and longitude, 0° to 180° east or west of the Prime Meridian passing through Greenwich, England.

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Absolute Location

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Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geograpic features.

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Global Positioning System (GPS)

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A hunt for a cache, the GPS coordinates which are placed on the Internet by other _______ers.

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Geocaching

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The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places. Distance, accessibility, and connectivity affect ____ ____.

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Relative Location

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Image of picture of the way space is organized as determined by an individual's perception, impression, and knowledge of that space.

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Mental Map

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The space within which daily activity occurs.

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Activity Space

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"When mapping data, whether human or physical geographers, cartographers, the geographers who make maps, generalize the information the present on maps." (de Blij, Murphey, Fouberg, ph 16)

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Generalized Map

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A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study.

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Remote Sensing

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A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user.

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Geographic Information System (GIS)

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Involvement of players at other scales to generate support for a position or an initiative (e.g., use of the Internet to generate interest on a national or global scale for a local position or initiative).

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Rescale

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A type of _______ in which the housing stock predominantly reflects styles of building that are particular to the culture of the people who have inhabited the area.

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Formal Region

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A ______ defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it.

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Functional Region

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A ______ that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity.

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Perceptual Region

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The sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society.

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Culture

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A single element of normal practice in a culture, such as the wearing of a turban.

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Cultural Trait

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A related set of cultural traits, such as prevailing dress codes and cooking and eating utensils.

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Cultural Complex

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Heartland, source area, innovation center; place of origin of a major culture.

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Cultural Hearth

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The term for a trait with many cultural hearths that developed independent of each other

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Independent Invention

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The expansion and adoption of a cultural element, from its place of origin to a wider area.

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Cultural Diffusion

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The declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source.

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Time-Distance Decay

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Prevailing cultural attitude rendering certian innovations; ideas or practices unacceptable or unadoptable in that particular culture.

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Cultural Barrier

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The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination.

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Expansion Diffusion

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The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person.

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Contagious Diffusion

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A form of _____ in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples. An urban ________ is usually involved, encouraging the leapfrogging of innovations over wide areas, with geographic distance a less important influence.

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Hierarchial Diffusion

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A form of _______ in which cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place.

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Stimulus Diffusion

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Sequential ________ process in which the items being ________ are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate new ones.

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Relocation Diffusion

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Ways of seeing the world spatially that are used by geographers in answering research questions.

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Geographic Concept

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The view that the natural ______________ has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development.

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Environmental Determinism

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Line on a map connecting point of equal temperature values.

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Isotherm

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Geographic viewpoint- a response to determinism- that holds that human descision making, not the environment, is the critical factor in cultural development.

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Possibilism

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The multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment.

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Cultural Ecology

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An approach to studying nature-society relations that is concerned with the ways in which environmental issues both reflect, and are the result of, the political and socioeconomic contexts in which they are situated.

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Political Ecology

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