Ap Human Geography Unit 6 Answers – Flashcards
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Gross National Product (GNP)
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the income of the sum of all goods and services produced both within and abroad by citizens of a country in a given year
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
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the dollar amount of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a year
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Gross National Income (GNI)
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the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country (divide by population for average salary)
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Formal Economy
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Legal economy that is taxed and monitored by the government
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Informal Economy
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Illegal or uncounted economy that the goverment doesn't tax or keep track of
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Modernization Model
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Walt Rostow's model assumes all countires follow similar path to development and modernization through 5 stages (Traditional, Preconditions to Takeoff, Takeoff, Drive to Maturity, Mass Consumption)
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Traditional Stage
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1st Stage of Modernization Model - dominate activity = subsistance farming
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Preconditions to Takeoff Stage
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2nd Stage of Modernization Model - (progressive leadership) open to bring in new things
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Takeoff Stage
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3rd Stage of Modernization Model - industrial revolution
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Drive to Maturity Stage
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4th Stage of Modernization Model - industial spcialization - technology diffused
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Mass Consumption Stage
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Final Stage of Modernization Model - high incomes - widespread of production of goos/services
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Commodity Chain
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Series of links connecting places of production
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Dependancy Theory
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The political and economic relationships between countries and regions of the world control and limit the economic development possibilities of poorer countries
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Dollarization
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abandoning the local currency and adopting the dollar
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Barriers to Development
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-Foriegn dept -Low levels of social welfare -Political instabability -Widespread disease
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Industrial Revolution
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Series of inventions, enery sources, and new machines
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1st Source of Power
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Water pump and peddle
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Location Theory
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Predicting where buisness will or should be located
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Webers Theory
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Manufacturing plants where costs are least (Weight-gain and Weight-reduce)
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Hostellings Theory
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Based on where other industries where other of that kind are
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Loschs Theory
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Manufacturing plants choose location where they can maximize profits
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Fordist
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Dominant mode of mass production - assembely line
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Post-Fordist
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Production is accelerated and dispersed around the globe by multinational companies that shift production, outsourcing around the world
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Time-Space Compression
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Through improvements in transportation and communication technology, many places in the world are more connected.
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Deindustrialization
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Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor
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Outsourcing
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When companies use firms in their production for cheap labor
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Offshore
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Outsourced work that is located outside of the country
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Technopole
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Centers of high technology research and sctivity around which a high tech corridor is establisted Ex. Route 128 in Boston and Silicon Vally
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Primary Sector
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Natural resources
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Secondary Sector
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Manufactured products
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Tertiary Sector
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Services - Transportation
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Quaternarty Sector
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Buisness services - Whole sale, Insurance, Finance, Banking, Realestate, Advertising, Marketing
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Quinary Sector
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Consumer services - Retailing, Communication Skills, Tourism, Government, Entertainment, Education, Heath, Utilities
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Break-of-Bulk
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A location which takes its advantage from a position where there is forced transfer of freight from one transport medium to another
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Global Division of Labor
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Phenomenon whereby corporations and others can draw from labor markets around the world, made possible by the compression of time and space through innovation in communication and transportation systems Ex. Televisions
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Microcredit/Microcredit Program
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Giving loans to poor people, particularly woman, to encourage development of small businesses
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Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO)
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International organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues
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Just-In-Time Delivery
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Method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems, wereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production, planning that what they need for longer-term production will arrive when needed
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Special Economic Zone
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Specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment
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Participatory Development
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The notion that locals should be engaged in deciding what development means for them and how it should be achieved
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Vertical Intergration
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Ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that exist along a variety of points on a Commodity Chain (Six Media Corps)
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Horizontal Intergration
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Ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that exist along the same point on a commodity chain
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Gatekeeper
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People or corporations who control access to information
