AP Human Geography Unit 5 Political Geography – Flashcards
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Political Geography
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The study of the political organization of the world
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State
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A politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government Recognized by others
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Territoriality
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The process by which territories come into being
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Sovereignty
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The authority of a state to govern itself or another state
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Territorial Integrity
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Nation-states should not attempt to promote secessionist movements
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Mercantilism
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The economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism
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Peace of Westphalia
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1648, ended the Thirty-Years War
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Westphalian State System
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Territory defines the society
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Nation
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A contiguous group of persons sharing cultural traits
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Nation-state
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A politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space
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Democracy
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Sovereignty lies in the people
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Multinational State
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A state with multiple nations within its borders
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Multistate Nation
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A nation that goes beyond borders of a single state
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Colonialism
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Acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically
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Wallerstein's World Systems Theory
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1.The world-economy has one market and a global divi- sion of labor. 2. Although the world has multiple states, almost every- thing takes place within the context of the world- economy. 3. The world-economy has a three-tier structure.
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Capitalism
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Individuals, corporations, and states own land and produce goods and services that are exchanged for profit
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Commodification
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The process of placing a price on a good, service, or idea and then buying, selling, and trading that item
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Centripetal
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Unifying forces
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Centrifugal
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Divisive forces
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Federal System
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Regions have much control over government policies and funds
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Unitary Governments
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Highly centralized national governments
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Devolution
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The movement of power from the central government to regional governments (Scotland, Basque, Catalonia, Belgium)
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State Shapes
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Prorupt, Compact, Elongated, Perforated, Fragmented
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Reapportionment
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Districts are moved according to population shifts
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Majority-minority Districts
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Districts in which a majority of the population is from the minority
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Boundary
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A vertical plane that divides one state from another
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Boundary Formation
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Delimit Demarcate Administrate
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Geometric Boundaries
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Uses grid systems such as latitude and longitude lines
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Physical-political Boundaries
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Follow an agreed-upon feature in the natural landscape
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Genetic Political Boundary Types
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Antecedent Boundary: predates the development of large-scale politically organized communities Subsequent Boundaries: evolves as the cultural landscape takes shape Superimposed Boundaries: forcibly drawn by outsiders without reference to cultural patterns Relict Boundary: has ceased to function but whose imprints are still evident on the cultural landscape
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Boundary Disputes
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Locational Definitional Allocational Operational
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German School of Geopolitics
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Ratzel's Organic Theory: the state resembles a biological organism whose life cycle extends from birth through maturity and, ultimately, decline and death.
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British/American School of Geopolitics
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Mackinder's Heartland Theory
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Rimland Theory
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Control the Pacific Rim
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Critical Geopolitics
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Intellectuals of statecraft construct ideas about geographical circumstances and places, these ideas influence and rein- force their political behaviors and policy choices, and those behaviors and choices then affect what happens and how most people interpret what happens
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Supranational Organization
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An entity composed of three or more states that forges an association and forms an administrative structure for mutual benefit and in pursuit of shared goals
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Deterritorialization
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A geometry of political power less rooted in the power of the territorial state
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Reterritorialization
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A state solidifying control over its territory
