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Culture

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the behaviors and belied characteristics of a particular group

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Cultural Landscape

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a geographic area the includes cultural resources and natural resources associated with the interactions between nature and human behavior

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Sequent-Occupance

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notion that successful societies leave their cultural imprints on a place each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

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Carl Sauer

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Argued that cultural landscapes should be the focus of human geography

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Derwent Whittlesey

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Coined sequent-occupance

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Irredenta

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a region that is related ethically/historically to one country, but is ruled by another

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Irredentism

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policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion aimed at a national group living in a neighboring country

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Language

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means of communicating by sounds and/or symbols

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Franglais

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terms or expressions borrowed from the English language, A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language.

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Culture Hearth

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place of origin of a major culture

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Civilization

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a society in an advanced stage of development

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Cold War (1945-1991)

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period of time after WWII where nuclear threats and confrontation were high between the USA and USSR, rather than actual warfare

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Dialect

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the language/vocabulary of a specific group of people

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Colonialism

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attempt by one country (usually hegemonic power) to establish settlements and to impose its economic and cultural principles in another country

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Hegemonic Power

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one main power controlling everything else

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Imperialism

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policy of extending rule over other countries

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Balkanization

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process of division of a region/state into smaller regions/states that are often hostile with each other

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Ideograms

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a character that indicates the meaning of a thing without indicating the sounds to say it (e.g. - Chinese, Korean, Russian)

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Mesopotamia

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site of several ancient civilizations in present day Iraq

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Mesoamerica

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site of several ancient civilizations in present day Mexico and Central America

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Ottoman Empire

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Muslim empire that controlled southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and most of North Africa between the 16th - 18th centuries

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Supranationalism

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method of decision making in multi-national political communities

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Carrying Capacity

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population size an environment can sustain/take care of

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Cultural (Spatial) Diffusion

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the spread of ideas, knowledge or innovation from its origin to other cultures and areas where they are adopted

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Expansion

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an idea or innovation developed in a source area, remain strong there, and also spreading (a type of diffusion)

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Contagious

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nearly all adjacent individuals are affected (a type of diffusion)

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Hierarchical

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main channel of diffusion is some segment of those who are susceptible to or adopting what is being diffused (a type of diffusion)

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Stimulus

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an idea of innovation is not immediately adopted, yet does have an impact (a type of diffusion)

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Relocation Diffusion

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requires the actual movement of individuals who have already adopted the idea or innovation and carry it to a new location where they disseminate it (a type of diffusion)

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Migrant

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the idea or innovation loses its strength/population at the site of the origin (a type of diffusion)

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Accultration

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process in which one culture substantially changes through interaction with another (one-way transfer)

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Transcultration

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two-way exchange of culture traits between societies in close contact

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Syncretism

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two cultures come together and create a brand new culture

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Time-Distance Decay

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the further from it's source/longer it takes, the less likely the innovation is to be adopted

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Culture Barriers

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prevailing attitudes and/or taboos

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Culture v. Ethnicity

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culture is learned, ethnicity is cultural history & lifestyles

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Devolution

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process where regions in a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of a central government

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Lingua Franca

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common language used by speakers of different languages

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Antecedent

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preceding in time or order

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Subsequent

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following in time or order

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Superimposed

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on or above something else (layers)

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Relict

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surviving remnants of something when most all of it is gone

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Boundaries

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a line determining the limits of something

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Prorupt

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burst through (a type of boundary)

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Elongated

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stretched in length (a type of boundary)

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Fragmented

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disconnected/broken (a type of boundary)

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Perforated

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series of small holes (a type of boundary)

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Compact

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compressed (a type of boundary)

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Nation-State

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people with a shared identity and culture (a nation) who possess their own territory and state government (e.g. - Aboriginal nation-state government within a country) (a type of boundary)

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Nation

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grouping of people who share history, culture, language or ethnic origin, often possessing/seeking its own government. (a type of boundary)

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State

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territory occupied within a nation that has the authority to make rules/govern its people (a type of boundary)

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Cultural Landscape

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The distinct imprint of cultures on the land

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Cultural Hearths

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Several sources, crucibles, of cultural growth and achievement developed in Eurasia, Africa, and America.

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Cultural Perception

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Culture groups have varying ideas and attitudes about space, place, and territory.

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Cultural Environments

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This area deals with the role of culture in human understanding, use, and alteration of the environment.

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Political Ecology

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And area of inquiry fundamentally concerned with the environmental consequences of dominant political-economic arrangements and understandings.

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assimilation

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The taking into or absorption of cultural traits

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culture trait

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A single attribute of culture

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culture complex

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A combination of traits not necessarily defined to a culture

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culture system

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Various culture complexes may have traits in common, making it possible to group them together

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culture realm

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Grouping together of cultural systems

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Agricultural revolution

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The time when human beings first domesticated plants, believed to have happened in the FERTILE CRESCENT, in a region close to the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers.

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deglaciation

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the gradual melting away of a glacier from the surface of a landmass

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Fertile Crescent

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Where the Agricultural revolution occurred, near Tigris and Euphrates.

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Holocene epoch

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The most recent 12,000 years of Earth history: the warm phase following the ice age.

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interglaciation

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sustained warming phase between glaciations during an ice age

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Late Cenozoic Ice Age

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The last great ice age that ended 10,000 years ago, lasting for the past 2 million years.

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Paleolithic

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The earliest and longest stage of the Stone Age,

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plant domestication

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when people cultivate or "care for" crops for agriculture

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social stratification

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the condition of being arranged in social strata or classes within a group

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Stone Age

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The period where people used Stone tools

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Ziggurat

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The tallest structure in Mesopotamia; a tower of the the great temple

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dialect

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the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people

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Indo-European

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predecessor language of English and most of the European languages, LAAAAAAAARGEST family

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isogloss

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A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate

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language family

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A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.

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language group

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A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.

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language subfamily

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a smaller group of related languages within a language family

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linguistic diversification

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variety of different languages being spoken

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preliterate society

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a society that can speak a language but cannot write it

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standard language

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The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.

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Amerind

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the oldest, largest, and most widely distributed superfamily spread from the shores of Hudson Bay to the coast of Tierra del Fuego

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Austronesian

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the family of languages spoken in Australia and Formosa and Malaysia and Polynesia

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conquest theory

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the theory that early Proto-Indo-European speakers spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tounges

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deep reconstruction

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process by which an extinct language is recreated

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Eskimo-Aleut

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Family of languages spoken by those concentrated along arctic and near-Arctic shore.

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Fijian

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a discrete Malayo-Polynesian offshoot spoken in Fiji

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Malayo-Polynesian

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The forerunner of a large number of languages, a subfamily of Austronesian

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Na-Dene

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Family diffused in NW Canada and Alaska, second oldest & largest family. Less widely diffused.

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Nostratic

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hypothesized ancestral language of Proto-Indo-European, as well as other ancestral language families.

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Polynesian

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the language of New Zealand's Maori people, also from the Austro-Tai family

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sound shifts

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The changing of a word over different languages

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creolization

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refers to the process in which a pidgin becomes the native language for a given group

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Esperanto

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A made-up Latin-based language, which its European proponents in the early twentieth century hoped would become a global language. (failed, pl0x. Less QQ, more piu piu)

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lingua franca

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a common language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce, "language of the land"

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monolingual states

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countries in which only one language is spoken

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multilingual states

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a state that uses many languages

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official language

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The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.

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pidgin

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a lingua franca that has been simplified and modified through contact with other languages

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toponymy

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The study of place names

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animal domestication

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When animals are tamed and used for food and profit.

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Ottoman empire

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Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I.

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Artifacts

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Tools and instruments used by a culture

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Mentifacts

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The central, enduring elements, ideas and beliefs

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Sociofacts

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links between individuals and groups that unite a culture, family structure and political, educational and religious institutions.

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Mesoamerica

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Central America

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Andean America

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Southwest coast of South America

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West Africa

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[North] Western most region of Africa

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Nile Valley

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Surrounding areas of the Nile River/Egypt

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Indus Valley

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Western border of India

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Ganges Delta

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South Asia/Western border of India/Bengal

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Wie/Huang Rivers

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Surrounding areas of the Wie and Huang Rivers/East China

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Franz Boas and Alfred Kroeber

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Coined environmental possibilism

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Weber

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Coined environmental determinism

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Torsten Hagerstrand

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another famous geographer that wrote about cultural diffusion

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Agricultural Origins and Dispersals

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Written by Sauer in 1952

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ethnocentrism

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The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture

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cultural relativism

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The practice of judging another culture by its own standards (putting aside his her cultural preferences)

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universalizing religions

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Religions that appeal to everyone, regardless of where they live

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ethnic religions

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Appeal primarily to one group living in one place

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Branches

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Large and basic division of a religion

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Denominations

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Divisions of branches that unite local groups in a single administrative body

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Sects

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Relatively small groups that do not affiliate with the more mainstream denominations

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shamanism

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An ethnic religion is which people follow their shaman, a religious leader and teacher believed to connect with the supernatural

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animism

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The belief that inanimate objects have spirits

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agriculture theory

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the theory which states that with increased food supply and increased population, speakers from the hearth of Indo-European languages migrated into Europe

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Renfrew/Anatolian model

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a belief by Colin Renfrew that argues that the first speakers of Proto-Indian-European lived 2,000 years before the Kurgans, in eastern Anatolia, part of present-day Turkey

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