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The pattern formed by the many separate adjustments that people devise in order to obtain and use resources and solve immediate problems.

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Adaptive farming strategies

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Pertaining to farmers and agriculture.

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Agrarian

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Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

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Agribusiness

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The origins of agricultural practices.

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Agricultural hearths

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The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.

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Agriculture

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Commercial farming for corporate reasons like grocery stores and companies.

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Agricultural Industrialization

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The land that we farm on and what we choose to put where on our fields

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Agricultural landscape

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Von Thunen's rings, questions why certain farms are located in specific areas. The answer can sometimes be found using economic factors.

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Agricultural location model

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An ecosystem created by agriculture.

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Agroecosystems

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When animals are tamed and used for food and profit.

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Animal domestication

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Fish farming.

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Aquaculture

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A grass yielding grain for food.

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Cereal grains

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A large government-controlled farm formed by combining many small farms.

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Collective Farm

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Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

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Commercial agriculture

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Any kind of agriculture activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yield.

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Intensive agriculture

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An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area.

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Extensive agriculture

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According to world systems theory, the most advanced industrial countries, which take the lion's share of profits in the world economic system.

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Core countries

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Countries that usually have less development and are poorer countries.

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Periphery countries

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The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

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Crop rotation

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The act of business of keeping a farm for producing milk or milk products.

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Dairy farming

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Forgiveness of international debt in exchange for nature protection in developing countries.

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Debt-for-nature swap

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The process by which workers take away a union's right to represent them.

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Decertification

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Harvesting twice a year from the same field.

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Double-cropping

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The movement of animals from open pastures to fenced in lands.

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Enclosure

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Changes in the ecosystem resulting from human activities such as the use of pesticides, soil erosion, desertification.

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Environmental modification

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Chemicals used to kill pests during plant growth; can cause food contamination.

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Pesticides

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The wearing away of surface soil by water and wind.

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Soil erosion

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Any change of fertile land into desert.

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Desertification

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The process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another.

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Erosion

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Both shifting cultivation and pastoral nomadism. They involve large areas of land and minimal labor per land unit. Both product per land unit and population densities are low.

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Extensive subsistence agriculture

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A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.

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Pastoralism

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Businesses that take resources from the earth; mining or trapping.

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Extractive Industry

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Places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a much more rapid rate than grazing; often referred to as factory farms.

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Feedlots

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Dating back 10,000 years, the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

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First Agricultural Revolution

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Fishing.

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Fishing

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What dem young lumberjacks do.

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Forestry

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The steps it takes for food to get to you.

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Food chain

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The process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms to make veggies better.

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Genetic engineering

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Diffusion of agriculture across the globe.

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Globalized Agriculture

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Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

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Green Revolution

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The season in which certain crops grow.

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Growing season

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A community of people smaller than a village.

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Hamlet

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A community of people smaller than a town.

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Village

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The cultivation of plants.

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Horticulture

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A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.

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Intensive subsistence agriculture

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Tillage between rows of crops of plants, or the practice of mixing different seeds and seedlings in the same swidden.

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Intertillage

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Type of agriculture that requires large levels of manual labor to be successful.

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Labor intensive agriculture

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The raising of domesticated animals for the produciton of meat and byproducts (leather, wool).

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Livestock ranching

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Divides land into narrow parcels that extend from rivers, roads, or canals.

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Long-lot survey system

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First zone in Van Thunen's model, heavy and bulky products that could spoil and or the cost to transport is large.

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Market-gardening activities

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Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails; most important crops are olives and grapes.

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Mediterranean agriculture

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The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.

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Milkshed

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Natural resources containing hydrocarbons, which are not derived from animal or plant sources.

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Mineral fuels

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When you dig things up from the ground for cashmoney.

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Mining

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Category of agriculture in which farmers both grow crops and raise animals.

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Mixed crop farming

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The farming of livestock.

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Livestock farming

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When humans went from being nomad/hunter gatherers to settling in one place and farming.

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Neolithic revolution

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The act of being nomadic.

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Nomadism

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Villages located quite close together with relatively small surrounding fields.

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Nucleated settlement pattern

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Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.

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Organic agriculture

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Destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover.

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Overgrazing

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The vast grassy plains of South America.

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Pampas

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A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. Usually in arid or semi-arid climates.

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Pastoral nomadism

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Authority pattern in which the father holds most of the authority.

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Patriarchal system

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Genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention.

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Plant domestication

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When cash crops are grown on large estates.

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Plantation agriculture

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The part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment.

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Primary sector

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Right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son.

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Primogeniture

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System for surveying and describing land by reference to principal meridians and base lines; also called government survey system.

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Rectangular survey system

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Sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities. Live in villages, hamlets on farms, or in other isolated houses. Typically have an agricultural character, with an economy based on logging, mining, petroleum, natural gas or tourism (ecotourism).

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Rural settlement

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The movement of individuals away from their area of origin or from centers of high population density or the distribution of individuals within geographic population boundaries.

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Dispersal

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Material used for constructing buildings.

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Building material

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The way a villiage is organized, generally what is best suited for a village's particular needs.

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Village form

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A process in which mineral salts accumulate in the soil, killing plants; occurs when soils in dry climates are irrigated profusely.

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Salinization

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An American geographer who defined cultural landscape as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group.

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Carl O. Sauer

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When tools and equipment were modified. Methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved.

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Second Agricultural Revolution

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The part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods.

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Secondary sector

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Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization.

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Seed agriculture

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Workers concentrate on producing those goods and services for which they have a competitive advantage.

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Specialization

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A basic food grain that is used frequently and in large amounts.

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Staple grains

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A commercial farm in which no one lives, and work/harvesting is done by migratory workers.

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Suitcase farms

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Method of separating land, usually devised by the government of the land.

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Survey patterns

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A detailed method of land description that identifies a parcel by specifying its shape and boundaries.

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Metes and bounds

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rigid grid-like pattern used to facilitate the dispersal of settlers evenly across farmlands

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Township and range

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Highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply.

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Sustainable yield

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Currently in progress, development of genetically modified organisms.

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Third Agricultural Revolution

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A parable that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole.

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Tragedy of the Commons

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Growing vegetables for the market.

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Truck farming

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Reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots. The first plants grown this way were taro, yam, banana, and palm.

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Vegetative farming

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Created the concentric zone model that states that perishable goods are located near market area as well as heavy items, while crops that are able to be shipped long distances without spoiling were located farther away.

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Johann Heinrich Von Thunen

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Saturation of soil with irrigation water or excessive precipitation so that the water table rises close to the surface.

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Waterlogging

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Framework consisting of stakes interwoven with branches to form a fence.

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Wattle

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Rice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.

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Wet rice

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Extends through Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma: crop is planted in the autumn and develops a strong root system before growth stops for the winter.

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Winter wheat area

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Where most wheat is produced, U.S. Midwest.

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World breadbasket

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Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family. Mostly in LDCs.

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Subsistence Agriculture

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Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. Mostly MDCs.

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Commercial Agriculture

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Prepared the most widely used map of world agricultural regions.

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Derwent Whittlesley

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Any plant cultivated by people.

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Crop

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A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period. Associated with humid, high temp, rainy climates.

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Shifting cultivation

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The area of land cleared by the slash and burn method. Each of these is used as long as it can support crops; about 3 years.

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Swidden

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The fertilizer that is created when an area of land is burned (shifting cultivation) (potassium).

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Potash

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A flooded field for growing rice.

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Sawah

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Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah.

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Paddy

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How farmers cultivate wet rice in hilly or mountainous regions.

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Terracing

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The dominant crop in intensive subsistence agriculture where wet rice is not dominant.

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Wheat

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When a farm has crops and livestock, which helps distribute the workload and stuff. Most of the crops feed the animals, so most of the profit is from animal products.

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Mixed crop and livestock

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Oats, wheat, rye, barley. These have alternating fields in crop rotation.

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Cereal grains

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When a field is left without a crop.

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Fallow

question

A crop that helps restore the the field, such as clover.

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Rest crop

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Ohio through the Dakotas, with its center in Iowa.

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US Corn Belt

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Best on semi-arid or arid lands, in USA started with longhorn cattle (free range) but then Herefords had better meat so enclosed ranching occurred; now there is less ranching and more fattening.

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Livestock ranching

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The growing of fruits and vegetables.

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Horticulture

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When a farmer specializes in growing one crop.

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Specialty farming

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System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.

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Ridge tillage

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The time that the fields are left fallow becomes shorter as the people become more developed and commercialized.

answer

Boserup Thesis

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Where the Coca leaf is primarily grown.

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NW S. America, Bolivia, Columbia, and Peru.

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Where marijuana is primarily grown.

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Mexico

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Where opium is primarily grown.

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Burma, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam.

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Lack of water, excessive water, and urbanization.

answer

Reasons why land cannot be agriculturally used.

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Wheat, maize, rice.

answer

Three top export crops in the world

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