AP Human Geography Unit 14: Geography of Production and Consumption (chapter 16) – Flashcards
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division of labor
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workers are given specific chores to do, with some prestige or value placed on certain tasks as opposed to others; can be used in a factory system in which each worker specializes in a single, repeated task
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factory system
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the system in which several people worked under one roof, bringing together all the necessary machinery to be powered from belts by one steam engine, requiring very little skill
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industrialization
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the process by which a greater proportion of a national economy is involved in the manufacturing of goods; this allows more goods to be produced in greater quantity and at a lower price
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mass production
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a large output of goods, which both drops the price of the goods and sparks demand due to affordability
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value added
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the difference between the price of the final product and the cost of raw materials, labor, and other inputs
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break-in-bulk point
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the point at which cargo is broken into smaller units to be transported
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factors of production
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the elements necessary for production, including raw materials, labor, financial capital, and markets
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maquiladora
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a factory located on the border, often to take advantage of low wage requirements in this area
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optimum location
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the ideal location for a manufacturing plant: where there is a balance between the location of various raw materials, the labor force, and the markets where the final product would be sold
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production chain
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the process that transforms raw materials into a finished product, then distributes that product for consumption by households, government, or industries
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direct and indirect factors
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direct factors include, raw materials, labor, financial capital, and market; indirect factors include technology, infrastructure, financial system, government role, education/training, and entrepreneurial climate
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Anglo-American Manufacturing Belt
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in the late nineteenth century, the region that included ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and wisconisn and represented different major industries located in these areas
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backward linkages
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the inputs required for production, such as machinery, machine tools, metal working, and iron casting
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forward linkages
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items that can be produced from the output of an industry
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Lowell, Massachusetts
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named after Francis Lowell who helped establish the Boston Manufacturing Company in Waltham
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base employment
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employment that supports jobs in the service sector and other manufacturing industries
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multiplier effect
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a job in a particular industry that has a multiplier of 2.0, meaning that this one job actually results in two jobs in the economy: the original industrial job as well as an additional non-base job
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high-technology clusters
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areas that have a high concentration of specialized labor, specialized inputs, knowledge spillovers, and market/user accessibility that benefits the high-technology industry
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high technology industries
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companies that support the growth and development of sophisticated technologies; it is a very new industry that has rapidly transformed many cities and countries
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venture capitalists
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financiers who are willing to risk their money on a risky, initial idea in hopes of great gains
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deterritorialization
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allows for social and economic activities to occur regardless of where people are physically located
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global assembly line
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the modern reality that production chains are no longer completed all in one place; various components are produced in an transported to sites all around the world
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global production line
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a method of worldwide production in which the product is moved from one place to another in order to take advantage of favorable costs or specific expertise
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globalization
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the elimination of national boundaries through ever greater integration of people, companies, and governments across the world
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locational advantages
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reductions in production costs by locating in areas where wages are lower or some other factor makes it cheaper to produce that area
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multidivisional corporation
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a corporation with many divisions based on production lines or stages in the production chain
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new international division of labor
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a recent phenomenon in which the production process transcends international boundaries
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transnational corporation
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a corporation with many divisions based on production lines or stages in the production chain that cross international boundaries
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commodity chain
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the series of events that leads to the sale of a commodity to a consumer; design, production, marketing, and retail
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conspicuous consumption
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an idea by Thorstein Veblen that people feel the need to display their status by ostentatiously consuming goods and services
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consumption
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a necessary aspect of human existence; having evolved over time, it used to be what humans needed to survive but today includes luxury items that people desire
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luxury
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something that provides enjoyment beyond the necessities of life
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mass consumption
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a large number of people purchasing large quantities of goods
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tourism
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a huge and varied industry made up of travel agents, hotels, restaurants, attraction developers, cruise, tour guides, guidebooks, and local and regional officials who seek to market their own place
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production
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the process that creates an object that is more valuable then the sum of the raw materials going into it
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mass production
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_________ _____________ was the key outcome of industrialization
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raw materials, labor, financial capital, markets
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name the four direct factors
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technology, infrastructure, financial system, government role, education/training, entrepreneural climate
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name the six indirect factors
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raw materials
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products that lose weight in production are better situated near the _______ ___________________
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market
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products that gain weight in production such as the adding of water, are better situated near the ______________
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transportation costs; labor costs; overseas; governments; production processes
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changes in recent decades have affected industrial location include: 1) _________________ __________ have declined 2) ___________ __________ and specialization of labor has increased 3) the majority of production is now conduction ________________ 4) _________________ play a bigger role in trying to lure businesses to certain areas 5) _________________ _______________ are more flexible and nimble because of computer, robots, fast shipping of raw materials, etc.
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The North American Free Trade Agreement
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NAFTA
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later
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the US industrialized ___________ than some nations in Europe
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72
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in 1860, the NE part of the US was home to _____% of all manufacturing
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railroad network; close proximity between places; financial institutions; good ports, farmland, & abundant coal; skilled and unskilled labor
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name the 5 geographic advantages to the Anglo-American manufacturing Belt
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1. shifting labor costs 2. car ownership and highways 3. petroleum 4. high technology 5. role of government
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name the 5 causes of the shift of manufacturing in the US
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cheaper; increased; better; oil; gas; sectors; government
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the causes for the shift in the US is explained by: 1. _________ labor costs in the south 2. ________________ car use and trucking, and ____________ highways made the railroads of the NE less important 3. increased need for ______ & _______ made places like Texas more important for businesses 4. new, high-tech ___________ sprung up in areas outside of the NE, or moved there 5. _________________ programs helped develop non-NE areas
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universities; entrepreneural; venture; skilled labor; transportation; communication
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the following geographic factors are associated with firms: 1. proximity to major___________________ 2. an ____________________________ climate with ______________ capitalists 3. environmental amenities to attract __________ ____________ 4. good __________________________ and _____________________ networks
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Microsoft, Apple, eBay, Dell, Google
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name some high-tech companies
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Silicon Valley; Intel, Yahoo, HP, IBM, Texas Instruments
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name a high-tech cluster and companies within in
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1. deterritorialization 2. more social & economic interconnectedness 3. faster communications 4. a multipronged process including political, social, cultural, and economic movements
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name the 4 characteristics of globalization
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Harley-Davidson
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name a multidivisional corporation
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Bayer, Honda
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name a transnational corporation
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vacations
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___________________ are a huge part of modern consumption
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car or airplane
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many people will choose to travel by ______ or _____________
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France, Spain, US, China, Italy
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name the top 5 tourist destination countries in the world
