AP Human Geography Unit 3 Test – Flashcards
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Vulgar Latin
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One of two types of Latin from which the Romance languages developed.
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Standard Language
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The main language of a country.
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British Revised Pronunciation
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The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in London and now considered standard.
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Creole (Creolized language)
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A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.
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Custom
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The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the people or group performing the act.
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Denglish
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Combination of German and English
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Dialect
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Regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.
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Ebonics
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Dialect spoken by some African-Americans.
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Extinct Language
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A language that was once used by people in activities but is no longer used.
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Folk Culture
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Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogenous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.
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Franglais
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A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language; a combination of French and English.
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Habit
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A repetitive act performed by a particular individual.
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Ideograms
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The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English.
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Isogloss
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A boundary that separates regions in which different language uses predominate.
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Isolated Language
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A language that is unrelated to any other languages, and is therefore not attached to any language family.
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Language
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A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
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Language Branch
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A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as old or extensive as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family.
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Language Family
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A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor that existed long before recorded history.
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Language Group
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A collection of languages within a branch that share an origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
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Lingua Franca
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A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.
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Literary Tradition
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A language that is written as well as spoken.
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Official Language
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The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.
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Pidgin Language
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A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communication among speaker of two different languages.
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What is culture?
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This is the body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people.
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What's the difference between material and non-material?
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One is things you can touch, and the other is things you can't touch.
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How many types of material culture are there and what are their names?
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There are two of these. Their names are folk and popular.
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Describe popular culture.
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This is large, unconnected (worldwide), heterogenous, and urban.
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Describe folk culture.
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This is small, isolated, homogenous, rural.
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What are the general origins of a folk culture?
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This has an anonymous hearth, an anonymous source, and unknown dates of origin.
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What are the general origins of a popular culture?
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This has MDCs (N.A., Western Europe, Japan), industrial technology, and increased leisure time.
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Describe folk music.
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This kind of music tells a story, talks about daily events or activities, and is personal in nature.
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Describe popular music.
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This kind of music can be about any topic, is made for money, and is technical in nature.
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How is folk culture diffused?
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This is slow-moving, small-scale, mainly through relocation diffusion.
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How is popular culture diffused?
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This is fast-moving, large-scale, mainly hierarchically diffused.
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Many countries designate at least one of these.
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Official language
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How many people claim English as their first language?
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328 million people
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How many people fluently speak English as a second language?
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700 million
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In how many countries is English an official language?
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57 countries.
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How many people live in a country where English is the official language but cannot speak it?
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2 billion.
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What language is the most widespread?
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English
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How did English diffuse to other countries?
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This diffused by colonization and migration of the native speakers.
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What are the roots of simple English words?
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These have Germanic roots.
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What are the roots of more complex English words?
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These come from French invaders (Normans)
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What does a dialect reflect?
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This reflects features of the environment in which people live.
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In what regions of the U.S. are dialects most noticeable?
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In the East, South, and Upper Midwest.
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What are the nine language-family classifications?
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These are Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Afro-Asiatic, Austronesia, Niger-Congo, Dravidian, Altaic, Austro-ASiatic, and Japanese.
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How much of the population speaks Indo-European languages?
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46%
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How many branches of the Indo-European language family are there?
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Germanic, Indo-Iranian (Hindi), Balto-Slavic (East-Russian, West-Polish and Czech), and Romance.
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How much of the population speaks Sino-Tibetan languages?
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21%
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Where are Sino-Tibetan languages spoken?
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These are spoken mainly in China.
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How much of the pop6ulation speaks Afro-Asiatic languages?
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6%
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Where are most Afro-Asiatic languages spoken?
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These are spoken mostly in the Middle East.
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How much of the population speaks Austronesian languages?
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6%
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Where are most Austronesian languages spoken?
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These are spoken mostly in Southeast Asia.
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How much of the population speaks Niger-Congo languages?
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6%
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Where are most Niger-Congo languages spoken?
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These are spoken mostly in Africa.
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How much of the population speaks Dravidian languages?
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2%
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Where are most Dravidian languages spoken?
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These are spoken mostly in India.
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How much of the population speaks Altaic languages?
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2%
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Where are most Altaic langauges spoken?
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These are spoken mainly in Asia.
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How much of the population speaks Austro-Asiatic languages?
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2%
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Where are most Austro-Asiatic languages spoken?
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Mainly Southeast Asia.
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How much of the population speaks Japanese?
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2%
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The remaining 5% of the population speaks what?
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This remainder speaks a language belonging to one of 100 smaller families.
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Why do languages become extinct?
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This is often due to political and military strength of speakers.
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How many languages are considered near-extinction?
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473 are considered near-extinction.
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What is a multilingual state?
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This is the presence of more than one official language within a country.
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What is the purpose of a multilingual state?
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The purpose of this is to help preserve language identities.
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What is a major drawback to a multilingual state?
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A major drawback of this is that it can cause conflict.
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What is an isolated language?
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This is a language unrelated to any other language and therefore not attached to a language family.
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What is a short way to define a lingua franca?
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This can be shortly defined as the "language of business."
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What is the premiere lingua franca in the world?
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English is the premiere one of this in the world.
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What is the lingua franca in East Africa?
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Swahili is this in East Africa.
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What is the lingua franca in South Asia?
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Hindi is this in South Asia.
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What is the lingua franca in Southeast Asia?
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Indonesian is this is Southeast Asia.
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What is expansion diffusion?
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This is the snowballing of an idea rather than relocation of people.
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What aides expansion diffusion?
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Technology aides this.
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What are three English combination languages?
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Franglais, Spanglish, and Denglish are examples of this.
