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Post civil war US

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Booming population, surge of immigrants, 3rd largest

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Gen. Ulysses S. Grant

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Cast for the democratic ticket in 1856 despite this lack of political experience because of his war-hero status

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Republican platform for 1868 election

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Reconstruction of the south under bayonets, "Let us have peace" campaign slogan

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Democrats in 1868 election

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Hopelessly disorganized, agreed on criticism of military reconstruction but not much more

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Wealthy Eastern Democratic Delegates

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Plank promising federal war bonds redeemed in gold

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Poorer Mid-West Democratic Delegates

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Proposed the Ohio Idea of redemption the greenbacks

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Ohio Idea

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This called for a redemption of federal war bonds in greenbacks

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Debt-burdened agrarians

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Hoped to keep an plus amount of money in circulation to decrease rates

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Horatio Seymour

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Nominated by the Democrats In the 1868 election. Militant platform renouncing Reconstruction acts. VP Frank Blair. Did well in the South, but lost to Grant; did not support the Ohio Idea

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"The Bloody Shirt"

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During the election of 1876, the Republicans backed Rutherford Hayes against the Democratic candidate, Samuel Tilden. They resorted to a tactic known as "waving the bloody shirt," which was used in the last two elections. The tactic emphasized wartime animosities by urging northern voters to vote the way they shot.

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Jubilee Jim Fisk and Jay Gould

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Fisk providing the "brass" and Gould the brains, tried to corner the gold market in 1859. Hopping the Treasury would refrain from selling gold and working on Grant, on "Black Friday" madly bid the price of gold skyward. However the Treasury released the gold.

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Boss Tweed

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head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

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Thomas Nast

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A cartoonist who helped expose the Tweed Ring which was worse than the NYT articles because even the illiterate could understand them

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Samuel J. Tilden

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Hayes' opponent in the 1876 presidential race, he was the Democratic nominee who had gained fame for putting Boss Tweed behind bars. He collected 184 of the necessary 185 electoral votes.

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Credit Mobilier

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a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

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Whiskey Ring

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During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars; the secretary of state was involved and Grant let him of the hook despite this "Let no guilty man escape"

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William Belknap

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Grant's secretary of war who was forced to resign after he was found to have accepted bribes from suppliers to the Indian reservations.

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Liberal Republican Party

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was created In response to disgust of the political corruption in Washington and of military Reconstruction.met in Cincinnati and chose Horace Greeley as their presidential candidate for the election of 1872. caused the Republican Congress to pass a general amnesty act in 1872

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Panic of 1837

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Started by overspending with borrowed money in railroads and factories and grain-fields and mines; bankers made to many imprudent loans to finance them; profits failed to materialize so loans were unpaid

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Freedman's Savings and Trust Company

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A company that had made several loans to several companies, and thus went bankrupt due to the panic of 1837, crushed the black economic development and confidence in savings

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Debtors

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Hit the hardest by the panic of 1837, wanted inflationary policies to be pursued, wanted to increase the issue of greenbacks to make it cheaper to pay of debts with the depreciated money

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Resumption Act of 1875

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required the government to continue to withdraw greenbacks from circulation and to redeem all paper currency in gold at face value beginning in 1879; passed by Grant

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Sacred White Metal

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Silver, worth so much less than gold, dropped by the 1837 treasury

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Crime of '73

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through the coinage act of 1873, the US ended the minting of silver dollars and placed the country on the gold standard. this was attacked by those who supported an inflationary monetary policy, particularly farmers and believed in the unlimited coinage of silver

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Contraction

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Policy which decreased the amount of money per capital in circulation between 1870 and 1880

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Redemption Day of 1879

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Opp. for holders of greenbacks to redeem the greenbacks for gold, few did; the greenback's value had actually increased due to its reduction in circulation.

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Greenback Labor Party

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Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

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Political Seesaw

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Elections were very close, House of Reps. switched 6 times out of 11; very few separate issues, the major parties shared views on tariff, civil-service reform, currency question which is why the set on ethnic and cultural difference

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80%

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Incredibly high turn out for the elections of the late 1800s

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Republicans

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Puritans, strict, no sep. of church and state; based in the midwest, rural and small town NE, freedmen, GAR

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Democrats

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Immigrant Lutherans, Roman Catholics, more religiously liberal on human weakness, religions which were tolerant; based in south, northern industrial cities, immigrants

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Prohibition and education

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What separated the Republicans and Democrats in the late 1800s

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Stalwarts

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A faction of the Republican party in the ends of the 1800s Supported the political machine and patronage. Conservatives who hated civil service reform

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Half-Breeds

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Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party.

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Roscoe Conkling

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a politician from New York who served both as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party.

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James G. Blaine

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a U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time United States Secretary of State, and champion of the Half-Breeds. He was a dominant Republican leader of the post Civil War period, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination, but lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland

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Rutherford B. Hayes

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republican, became President in 1876 because of Compromise of 1877, refused to use patronage system, fired unneeded employees, appointed qualified political independents to Cabinet posts, and reformed the Civil Service to "gov't non-elected workers"

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Compromise of 1877

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agreement that ended the disputed election of 1876 between Rutherford Hayes and Samuel Tilden; under its terms, the South accepted Hayes's election. In return, the North agreed to remove the last troops from the South, support southern railroads, and accept a southerner into the Cabinet. The Compromise of 1877 is generally considered to mark the end of Reconstruction.

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Civil Rights Act of 1875

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Prohibited discrimination against blacks in public place, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public transportation. Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

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Civil Rights Cases of 1883

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A case in which the court ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens, which included railraods, hotels, and other businesses used by the public; by 14th amendment not extending to civil rights of individuals

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Crop-lien system

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in this system, Storekeepers granted credit until the farm was harvested. To protect the creditor, the storekeeper took a mortgage, or lien, on the tenant's share of the crop. The system was abused and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of. The result, for Blacks, was not unlike slavery.

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Jim Crow Laws

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laws which promoted segregation, or the separation of people based on race. These laws worked primarily to restricted the rights of African Americans to use certain schools and public facilities, usually the good ones; to vote; find decent employment and associate with anyone of their own choosing. These laws did not make life "separate but equal," but only served to exclude African Americans and others from exercising their rights as American citizens.

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Plessy vs. Ferguson

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(1896) The Court ruled that segregation was not discriminatory (did not violate black civil rights under the Fourteenth Amendemnt) provide that blacks received accommodations equal to those of whites.

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Denis Kearney

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Irish-born American demagogue who incited his followers to violence against the Chinese, who competed with them for cheap labor in the 1870s and early 1880s.

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Chinese Exclusion Act

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Pased in 1882; banned Chinese immigration in US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease.

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US vs. Wong Kim Ark

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SC case that ruled that the 14th Amendment guaranteed Chinese-American citizenship to all born in the US

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James A. Garfield

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1881, Republican, Greenback Labor Party, Republican - protective tariff, Democrats - revenue tariff, shot by Julius Guiteau (mental unstable, thought unfair spoils system); "Dark Horse", beat Winfield Scott Hancock

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Chester A. Arthur

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Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president; Stalwart

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Pendleton Act of 1883

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"Magna Carta of civil service reform." it made compulsory camaign contributions from federal employees illegal, and it established the civil service commission to make appointments to federal jobs on the basis of competitive exams rather than "poll." first covered only 10% of federal jobs. partially divorced politics from patronage.

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Mulligan Letters

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a series of letters written by James G. Blaine to a Boston businessman, Warren Fisher Jr., that indicated Blaine had used his official power as Speaker of the House of Representatives to promote the fortunes of the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad.

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Mugwumps

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A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.

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Grover Cleveland

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22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes; believed in laissez-fiaire; tried to close north and south gap

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Cleveland's Surplus

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Civil war had increased tariffs which had profited Republicans, and they did not ant lose their protection, but revenue in Custom Houses increased, and a massive annual surplus. Cleveland decided to cut tariff and tax over increasing national spending, which was very unpopular.

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Benjamin Harrison

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the twenty-third President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893. He had previously served as a senator from Indiana. His administration is best known for a series of legislation including the McKinley Tariff and federal spending that reached one billion dollars. Democrats attacked the "Billion Dollar Congress" and defeated the GOP in the 1890 mid-term elections, as well as defeating Harrison's bid for reelection in 1892. He is to date the only president from Indian; tariff was the main issue in his election.

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1st duty of republicans once they made it back to office

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reasserting their power in congress because Democrats were planning to use their dominance to obstruct house business calls

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Thomas Reed

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czar Reed - Republican speaker of the house. Presided over billion dollar congress. Counted as present Democrats who denied they were legally there. Civil War pensions

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McKinley Tariff of 1890

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raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been. Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition, 48%

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Farmer's Alliance

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A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

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Populist Party

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preceded by the Farmers' Alliance, this party also known as the People's Party, called for the nationalization of railroads, income tax and the free and unlimited coinage of silver

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James B. Weaver

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he was the Populist presidential candidate, and he was an eloquent greenbacker. in the 1892 election, he gained 22 electoral votes, and this party (his candidacy) became the first third party in U.S. history to break the electoral column.

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Tom Watson

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A Congressman and a member of the People's Party = Populist Party. His "crowd" is both black and white. He believes that they have something in common - their poverty. Because racist eventually when he could not win south without turning against blacks.

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Grandfather clause

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A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

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Depression of 1893

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Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Let to the Pullman strike.

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Sherman Silver Purchase Act

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In 1890, an act was passed so that the treasury would by 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay those who mined it in notes that were redeemable in either gold or silver.

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Adlai Stevenson

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Clevelands soft money VP who would have worsened the economic crisis by repealing the Sherman Silver Purchase Act

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William Jennings Bryan

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United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver, orator

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Cleveland and Morgan

answer

The Sherman Act was eventually repealed, and the decreased gold in the treasury put the economy in jeopardy, Cleveland was forced to float 2 treasury bonds but barely helped. He was forced to make a deal with J.P. Morgan where they he lent him 65 mil. which helped seal the leaky treasure, but lost Clevelands popularity.

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Wilson-Gorman Tariff

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slightly reduced the U.S. tariff rates from the numbers set in the 1890 McKinley tariff. It is Supported by the Democrats, this attempt at tariff reform imposed an income tax of 2% to make up for revenue that would be lost by tariff reductions.

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