AP History Chapter 24 – Flashcards
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Some people who found fault with the captains of industry argued that these men [A] diminished the workers' quality of life. [B] tried to take the United States back to its old values. [C] retarded technological advances. [D] were basically socialists. [E] failed to develop the industrial system quickly.
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a
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Match each labor organization below with the correct description. ___ A. National Labor Union ___ B. Knights of Labor ___ C. American Federation of Labor 1. the "one big union" that championed producer cooperatives and industrial arbitration 2. a social-reform union killed by the depression of the 1870s 3. an association of unions pursuing higher wages, shorter working hours, and better working conditions [A] A-2, B-1, C-3 [B] A-3, B-2, C-1 [C] A-1, B-2, C-3 [D] A-3, B-1, C-2 [E] A-1, B-3, C-2
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a
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The national government helped to finance transcontinental railroad construction in the late nineteenth century by providing railroad corporations with [A] cash grants from new taxes. [B] cash grants from higher tariffs. [C] aid for construction of railroad stations. [D] land grants. [E] reduced prices for iron and steel.
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d
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One of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in the lives of workers was [A] the encounter with other races. [B] the need for them to adjust their lives to the time clock. [C] the opportunity to relearn the ideals of Thomas Jefferson. [D] the narrowing of class divisions. [E] their movement to the suburbs.
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b
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The image of the "Gibson Girl" represented [A] a revival of the colonial feminine ideal. [B] a portrayal of the modern corporate business woman. [C] an exploitive image of a woman as a sex object. [D] an independent and athletic "new woman." [E] a sentimental image of a woman as mother.
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d
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In the late nineteenth century, tax benefits and cheap, nonunion labor attracted __________ manufacturing to the "new South." [A] farm equipment [B] electrical appliance [C] steel [D] machine tool [E] textile
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e
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The group most affected by the new industrial age was [A] women. [B] Native Americans. [C] small town residents. [D] southerners. [E] African-Americans.
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a
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Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favor [A] independent workers and craftsmen. [B] state regulatory agencies. [C] labor unions. [D] corporations. [E] individual entrepreneurs.
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d
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All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War industrial expansion except [A] an abundance of natural resources. [B] a political climate favoring business. [C] American ingenuity and inventiveness. [D] immigration restrictions. [E] a large pool of unskilled labor.
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d
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America's first billion-dollar corporation was [A] The Union Pacific Railroad. [B] Standard Oil. [C] United States Steel. [D] General Electric (GE). [E] American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T).
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c
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The most effective and most enduring labor union of the post-Civil War period was the [A] Congress of Industrial Organizations. [B] American Federation of Labor. [C] Knights of Labor. [D] Knights of Columbus. [E] National Labor Union.
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b
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The gospel of wealth, which associated godliness with wealth, [A] relied on the sayings of Jesus. [B] inspired the wealthy to try to help the poor. [C] discouraged efforts to help the poor. [D] was opposed by most clergymen. [E] stimulated efforts to help minorities.
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c
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One group barred from membership in the Knights of Labor was [A] Irish. [B] women. [C] social reformers. [D] Chinese. [E] African-Americans
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d
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The South's major attraction for potential investors was [A] readily available raw materials. [B] cheap labor. [C] a warm climate. [D] ethnic diversity. [E] good transportation.
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b
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The United States changed to standard time zones when [A] the major rail lines decreed the division of the continent into four time zones so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks. [B] factories demanded standard time schedules. [C] Congress passed a law establishing this system. [D] long-distance telephones required standard time coordination. [E] all of these.
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a
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By 1900, organized labor in America [A] had enrolled nearly half of the industrial labor force. [B] relied heavily on the National Labor Relations Board. [C] was accepted by the majority of employers as a permanent part of the new industrial economy. [D] had temporarily ceased to exist. [E] had begun to develop a positive image with the public.
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e
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By 1900, American attitudes toward labor began to change as the public came to recognize the right of workers to bargain collectively and strike. Nevertheless, [A] the vast majority of employers continued to fight organized labor. [B] labor unions continued to decline in membership. [C] workers began to turn to the Socialist Party. [D] Congress declared the AFL illegal. [E] the American Federation of Labor failed to take advantage of the situation.
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a
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The Knights of Labor believed that conflict between capital and labor would disappear when [A] labor would own and operate businesses and industries. [B] labor controlled the government. [C] business would understand the principles of social justice. [D] workers accepted the concept of craft unions. [E] the government owned the means of production.x
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a
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To help corporations, the courts ingeniously interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment, which was designed to protect the rights of ex-slaves, so as to [A] help freedmen to work in factories. [B] avoid corporate regulation by the states. [C] incorporate big businesses. [D] allow the captains of industry to avoid paying taxes. [E] protect the civil rights of business people.
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b
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The Knights of Labor believed that republican traditions and institutions could be preserved from corrupt monopolists [A] when Republicans were removed from office. [B] by the development of strong craft unions. [C] through the destruction of the American Federation of Labor. [D] by strengthening the economic and political independence of the workers. [E] by forming an independent political movement.
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d
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John D. Rockefeller used all of the following tactics to achieve success in the oil industry except [A] extorting rebates from railroads. [B] employing spies. [C] using high-pressure sales methods. [D] pursuing a policy of rule or ruin. [E] showing mercy to his competitors.
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e
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Match each entrepreneur below with the form of business combination with which he is historically identified. ___ A. Andrew Carnegie ___ B. John D. Rockefeller ___ C. J. Pierpont Morgan 1. interlocking directorate 2. trust 3. vertical integration 4. pool [A] A-1, B-3, C-2 [B] A-3, B-2, C-4 [C] A-3, B-2, C-1 [D] A-2, B-4, C-1 [E] A-4, B-1, C-3
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c
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The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was at first primarily used to curb the power of [A] manufacturing corporations. [B] banking syndicates. [C] state legislatures. [D] railroad corporations. [E] labor unions.
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e
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In its efforts on behalf of workers, the National Labor Union won [A] an eight-hour day for government workers. [B] an eight-hour day for all workers. [C] government arbitration for industrial disputes. [D] the right to collective bargaining. [E] equal pay for women.
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a
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Historians critical of the captains of industry and capitalism concede that class-based protest has never been a powerful force in the United States because [A] many Americans inherited fortunes. [B] America has greater social mobility than Europe has. [C] most employers tried to treat their workers well. [D] few Europeans brought their political philosophies to the United States. [E] the captains of industry did not allow protest to take root.
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b
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One of the major reasons the Knights of Labor failed was its [A] failure to admit women to its ranks. [B] lack of class consciousness. [C] abandonment of the concept of independent producers. [D] racial exclusiveness. [E] support of skilled workers.
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b
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During the Gilded Age, most of the railroad barons [A] relied exclusively on Chinese labor. [B] built their railroads with government assistance. [C] refused to get involved in politics. [D] focused on public service. [E] rejected government assistance.
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b
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One by-product of the development of the railroads was [A] a scattering of the U.S. population. [B] fewer big cities. [C] the movement of people to cities. [D] a reduction in immigration to the United States. [E] a loss of population in the East.
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c
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After the Civil War, the plentiful supply of unskilled labor in the United States [A] increasingly found work in agriculture. [B] came almost exclusively from rural America. [C] was almost entirely native born. [D] helped to build the nation into an industrial giant. [E] was not a significant force, because industrialization required skilled workers.
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d
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Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area and share the profits were called [A] trusts. [B] rebates. [C] interlocking directorates. [D] pools. [E] holding companies.
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d
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Many Southerners saw employment in the textile mills as [A] high-wage positions. [B] a poor alternative to farming. [C] salvation, since the jobs and wages were steady. [D] unacceptable. [E] institutions that broke up families.
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c
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The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from business combinations was the [A] Federal Communications Commission. [B] Interstate Commerce Commission. [C] Consumer Affairs Commission. [D] Federal Trade Commission. [E] Federal Anti-Trust Commission.
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b
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Early railroad owners formed "pools" in order to [A] increase competition by establishing more companies. [B] water their stock. [C] avoid wasteful competition. [D] divide business in a particular area and share profits. [E] choose the best workers.
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d
