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Treaty of Wanghia

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The first diplomatic agreement between China and America in history, signed on July 3, 1844. Since America signed as a nation interested in trade instead of colonization, it was rewarded with extraordinary amount of trading power.

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Charles Francis Adams

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An American diplomat who, as ambassador during the Civil War. He helped to keep the British from recognizing the Confederacy. In the Trent affair, he was instrumental in averting hostilities between the two nations.

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William Seward

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Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

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Albert J. Beveridge

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A historian and United States Senator from Indiana who also was a skilled orator. One of his speeches justified the annexation of the Philippines, thus promoting a growth of American imperialism.

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Alfred Thayer Mahan

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American Naval officer and historian. He is most famous for his book "The Influence of Sea Power on History" which defined Naval strategy. His philosophies had a major influence on the Navies of many nations resulting in a igniting of naval races between countries.

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James G. Blaine

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Republican Congressman who developed the "Big Sister" Policy. His policy pushed for more involved U.S.

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"Big Sister" Policy

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A policy that was aimed to rally the Latin American nations under the U.S. It helped open the Latin American countries to the U.S., giving the country even more power and influence.

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Monroe Doctrine

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Doctrine developed by president James Monroe in the early 1800s that declared that the Americas should be free from European influence. This policy justified U.S. involvement to "save" the Latin American countries from European greed.

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White Man's Burden

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A poem by British poet Rudyard Kipling commenting on American imperialism. It created a phrase used by imperialists to justify the imperialistic actions the U.S. took.

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Queen Liliukalani

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A queen of Hawaii who was opposed to the continuing American attempts to seize control of Hawaii. She posed a problem to American settlers who desired to control the islands.

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General Valeriano Weyler

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A Spanish general who was sent to crush the Cuban revolt. By using "brutal" methods, he caused uproar in the United States, who called for immediate action to help the Cubans.

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Joseph Pulitzer

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An American publisher. He helped established "yellow journalism."

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William Randolph Hearst

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An American newspaper magnate. He helped established "yellow journalism" as well as being part of the de Lome letter incident.

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U.S.S Maine

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An American battleship sent to Cuba in order to evacuate any American in case of another flare-up. The ship spontaneously exploded in Havana harbor, and the cause was put on Spain's shoulders, thus starting the Spanish-American War.

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Dupuy de Lome

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He was a Spanish minister in Washington who wrote a private letter to a friend concerning President McKinley and how he lacked good faith. The discovery of his letter strained Spanish-American relations, which helped initiate the Spanish-American War.

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Teller Amendment

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Act of Congress in 1898 that stated that when the United States had rid Cuba of Spanish rule, Cuba would be granted its freedom It prevented Cuba from turning hostile towards the U.S., as well as gaining a somewhat kind of "smile" from Europe.

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Rough Riders

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They were a group of American volunteers that formed to fight the Spanish. They helped defeat the Spanish at San Juan Hill.

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Treaty of Paris

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Treaty that concluded the Spanish American War From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philippines. Cuba was freed from Spain.

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Foraker Act

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It gave Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government, and in 1917, Congress granted Puerto Ricans full American citizenship. It was an example of the growing imperialistic powers of the U.S.

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DeLima v. Bidwell

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The was one of a group of the first Insular Cases decided by the United States Supreme Court where DeLima Sugar Company sued a NYC customs official for collecting duties on sugar. The decision left it up to the United States Congress to govern territories since only residents in territories fully incorporated by Congress were protected by the constitution.

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Platt Amendment

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A constitution written by the Cubans for themselves. This said that the U.S. could intervene and restore order in case of anarchy, that the U.S. could trade freely with Cuba, and that the U.S. could get two bays for naval bases.

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Emilio Aguinaldo

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He was the leader of the Philippine insurgents. He helped American defeat Spain in the Philippines, and also took part in resisting American rule.

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Matthew Perry

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A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus brining western influence to Japan while showing American might.

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Open Door Policy

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A policy that asked powerful and influential countries to respect Chinese rights and promote fair trade with low tariffs. This policy was accepted by other countries and prevented any country from creating a monopoly on Chinese trade.

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Boxer Rebellion

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An anti-foreigner rebellion started by patriotic Chinese called the Boxers (Society of Harmonious Fists). The rebellion was put down by a foreign coalition which included the U.S., Germany, France, Britain, Russia, and Japan. It put the U.S. on the international scene with the big players.

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Theodore Roosevelt

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American president notorious for his impulsiveness and radical behavior. As an ardent imperialist, he developed the "Big Stick" policy with regards to diplomacy.

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Big Stick diplomacy

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Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

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Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

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This treaty from 1850 between the British and the U.S stated that any canal project on the isthmus of Panama would be a joint effort by the two countries The treaty prevented the U.S. from building the Panama Canal or any canal in Central America.

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Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

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An agreement in which the U.S would receive exclusive rights to construct and control a canal in Central America. It nullified the 1850 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, thus allowing the Panama Canal to be built.

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Phillipe Bunau-Varilla

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A representative of the French Canal Company who offered to sell the Panama canal to the U.S. He allowed the U.S. the choice of the Panama route rather than the Nicaraguan one, which would have been a disaster due to Mount Pelee.

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Hay-Bunau-Varillia Treaty

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The treaty signed in 1903 with Panama. The United States leased the 10-mile wide canal zone with a down payment of $10 million and an annual payment of $250,000 for ninety-nine years. This enabled the U.S. to build the Panama canal.

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Hay-Herran Treaty

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A treaty proposed in 1903 between the United States and Colombia over Panama. It was rejected by the Colombian Senate and caused the U.S. to support a bid for the independence for Panama, so that they could build the canal.

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Roosevelt Corollary

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As a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the U.S. would use the military to intervene in Latin American affairs if necessary or intervene economically if needed. It kept Europe out of central American, thus making the U.S. the only boss in the region.

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Venezuelan Crises

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Latin American nations were having a hard time paying their debts to their European debtors, so Britain and Germany decided to use force to collect payment. This caused a great fear of the possibilities of a European presence in the region, and it made Roosevelt developed a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine for the situation.

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Portsmouth Peace

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The meeting between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 The negotiations gained the Peace Prize for Roosevelt, but it also damaged Russian and Japanese relations with the U.S.

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Taft-Katsura Agreement

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An agreement where the U.S. recognized Japan's sphere of influence in Korea, and Japan recognized the United State's sphere of influence in the Philippines. The Taft-Katsura Agreement was an initial step that paved the way for the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth in September 1905.

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Gentlemen's Agreement

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An agreement with Japan where Japan agreed to limit immigration, and Roosevelt agreed to discuss with the San Francisco School Board that segregation of Japanese children in school would be illegal

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stopped.

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The agreement prevented a war that would have been caused by California, who was in Japan's eyes, oppressing their children.

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Root-Takahira Agreement

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Contract between the U.S. and Japan in which both countries acknowledged Asia's status, their international policies, their respective territorial possessions in the Pacific, and Open Door trade policy. It maintained the status quo and averted armed conflict between the two nations.

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Lansing-Ishii Agreement

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Japan respected Open Door policy in China, while the U.S. acknowledged that Japan had special interests in China. It somewhat eased Japanese-American relations, which at that point, were strained.

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Jones Act

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Act that replaced the Foraker Act. It gave Puerto Ricans full citizenship, as well as a government that was similar to a state government.

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Dollar diplomacy

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Term used to describe the efforts of the U.S. to further its foreign policy aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power. It protected American investments in Latin America and Asia and encouraged more stable governments.

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Insular Cases

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These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos.

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