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Reconstruction

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The period during which the U.s began to rebuild after the Civil War (1865-77)

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Wade-Davis Bill

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Proposed that congress, not the president, be responsible for reconstruction. Lincoln uses pocket veto to kill the bill.

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Radical Republicans

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Led by Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts and Representative Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania, they wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders.

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Thaddeus Stevens

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A radical representative of pennsylvania.

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Charles Sumner

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Leading Radical Republican senator throughout the Civil War and Reconstruction periods

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The Freedmen's Bureau

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Established by Congress in the last month of the war, assisted former slaves and poor whites in the south by distributing clothing and food.

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Black Codes

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Laws that severely restricted african Americans' lives.

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Fourteenth Amendment

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Provided a constitutional basis for the civil Rights act. Gave African Americans full citizenship

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Fifteenth Amendment

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States that no one can be kept from voting because of race, color or previous condition of servitude.

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Impeach

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To formally charge the president with misconduct in office.

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Scalawags

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White southerners who joined the republican party

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Carpetbaggers

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Northerners who moved to the south after the war.

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Hiram Revels

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The first african-american senator.

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Sharecropping

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Landowners divided their land and gave each worker, either freed african americans or poor white, a few acres, along with seed and tools.

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Tenant farming

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Landowners would rent land for cash from the planters, and keep all their harvest.

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10% plan

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Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction falls for 10% allegiance. opposed by radical republicans.

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Presidential Reconstruction

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Radical Republicans in Congress refuse new southern legislators and enlarges the freedmen's bureau and gives social services, medical care and education to former slaves and poor whites.

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Civil Rights Act of 1866

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Grants citizenship to african americans, forbids black codes or discriminatory laws. Johnson votes freedmen's bureau and civil rights act. Alienated moderate Republicans; angers Radicals

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Radicals join forces

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to override veto, makes african americans full citizens. most southern states reject amendment, not ratified until 1868.

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1866 Congressional Elections

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Johnson jeered on tour, and moderates, radicals win 2/3 majority in congress, can override veto

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Reconstruction Act of 1867

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Divides south into military districts, sets new conditions for reentry in union. Johnson believes act unconstitutional, he vetoes it and congress overrides.

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Johnson Impeached

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Johnson fires Stanton- test constitutionally of tenure of office act. House radicals impeach johnson - senate does not convict, 1 vote shy from being removed from office.

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Grant elected

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1868- Grant wins presidency with the help of African american vote, south doesn't enforce the 14th and 15th amendments, white southerners use violence to prevent blacks from voting

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Political Conditions

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State Constitutional Conventions men and southern voters elected new republican dominated governments

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Physical and Economic conditions

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Homefield advantage left battle scars across the south, Total war wreaked havoc on cities and farms alike, Property values and per capita wealth plummet, and more than 1/5 of adult white men in the south died in the war.

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Rebuilding

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New republican governments start ambitious projects and programs. Rebuilding roads, bridges, railroads and school systems. state governments raise taxes slowing recovery.

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African Americans

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largest group of southern republicans

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African Americans in Politics

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at local, state, and federal level, still in the minority, no african american governors, only 16 african americans elected to U.S congress from south

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40 Acres and a Mule

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During the war gen. Sherman promised freed slaves 40 acres and an army mule, president Johnson allowed original landowners to reclaim land and evict former slaves.

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King Cotton

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Other countries increased cotton production, South over produces, price of cotton plummeted, and further economic problems lead to anger toward african american.

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Horace Greely

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Ran against Grant in the presidential election. Nominateed by both the Liberal Republicans and Democrats.

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Ku Klux Klan

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White supremcy group. Targeted African-Americans and whites who helped them. Wanted to bring Democrats back into power.

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Amnesty Act

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Allowed many Conferderates to vote again. Shifted southern power back to the Democrats.

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Slaughterhouse cases

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Supreme Court rulings that decreased the federal goverments ability to protect African-Americans.

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Grant administration

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Filled with scandels and frauds that it distracted public attention from Reconstruction.

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Panic of 1873

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Largest government securities dealer bankrupts causing it. banks, businesses close and stock market collapses. triggers 5 year depression

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Redemption

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The Democrats return to power in the south.

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Rutherford B. Hayes

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Republican canidate in the presidental election of 1876. He won the electoral votes, but not the popular vote. He was given the preidency because of the Compromise of 1877.

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Samuel J. Tilden

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Democratic canidate in the presidental election of 1876. He won the popular vote, but not the electoral college votes.

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Compromise of 1877

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Allowed Hayes to become president as long as Republicans agreed to Democrat's demands; remove federal troops from South Carolina and Louisana, give money for railroad from Texas to West Coast, and help rebuild river, harbors, and bridges. Conservative Southernet in Cabinet. END OF RECONSTRUCTION!!

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Home Rule

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The souths goal achieved after the Compromise of 1877. Allowed for state rule without federal intervention. After Hayes removes federal troops Democrats take over states

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Civil Rights Act of 1866

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Granted citizenship to African-Americans, forbade black codes. Is vetoed by Johnson, but is overridden.

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Reconstruction Act of 1867

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Legeslation formed under congressional Reconstruction. Did not recognize southern goverments formed under Johnson's plan, divided south into five military districts, and set new conditions for reentry: ensure African-Americans the right to vote and ratify the 14th Amendment.

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Public Works

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Expensive programs started by Republican goverments. Built roads and bridges and railroads, funded public schools, and caused state goverments to raise taxes

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Tenure of Office Act

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Stated that cabniet members couldn't be removed in the term they were appointed. Johnson is impeached when he fires Secratary of War, Edwin Stanton

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Liberal Republicans

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Party formed in response to corruption in the Grant adminstration.

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Enforcement Acts

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Gave the president the power to curtail anti-black violence.

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13th Amendment

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abolished slavery

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Andrew Johnson

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president that continues Lincoln's policies for reconstruction

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Congressional Reconstruction

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shift of reconstruction from executive to legislative branch

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Freedmen

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People who were free (African-Americans)

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Harper's Weekly

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Publication/ newspaper of the day

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Edwin M. Stanton

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Radical's ally. Secretary of War. Who Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act for

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Reparations

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the compensation paid by a defeated nation for the damage or injury it inflicted during war

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Thomas Nast

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greatest political cartoonist. Long- lasting and very influential

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Nathan Bedford Forest

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helped establish KKK

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White League

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Sorta like the KKK only less violent. Wanted white democrat control

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Credit Mobilier Affair

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Big scandal in the Grant Admissions scandals. The goverment was severly overcharged for the rebuilding of railroad. To keep government quiet they paid them off

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The Lost Cause

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the "romantic image" the Conderacy had of itself. Associated with "waving of the bloody shirt"

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Jim Crow Laws

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Laws of segregation

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Solid South

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term used because south always voted democratic

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Johnson's Reconstruction

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states must swear allegiance, annual war debts, and ratify the 13th Amendment. Does not address voting rights, lands, or laws for former slaves. Some states don't fully comply

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Enforcement Act of 1870

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Federal government can punish violaters. Made to stop anti-black (KKK) violence.

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Anti- Black Violence

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1868 KKK, others kill thousands, burn school, churches and homes. Southern Democrats use violence to intimidate black voters. White Democratic canidates win state elections in 1875, 1876

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Economic Pressure

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Black landowners, non- farmers attacked, have property destroyed. Need forces freedmen into wage labor, and sharecropping for whites

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Fraud and Bribery

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Grant was considered honest; appoints friends to political office.Beginning in 1872, series of Grant administration scandals exposed

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Republican Unity Shattered

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1872, Liberal Republican party forms- they nominate Horace Greeley. Democrats also nominate Greeley so people are unsure what side he's truly on. Grant wins by large margin. Liberal Republicans weaken Radicals making Reconstruction difficult

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Continued Scandal

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Administration corruption continues. Grant does not seek reelection

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Currency Dispute

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Financial expertswant to return to the gold standard. South and West want more greenbacks.

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Gold Standard

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money is backed by gold

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Greenbacks

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paper money

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Specie Resumption Act

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1875- puts country back on gold standard

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Supreme Court Decisions

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1870s Supreme Court decisions undermine 14th and 15th Amendments. Federal government loses power to protect African- Americans rights

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Northern Support Fades

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Northerners grow indifferent to events in south: national problems, want reconcilliation, dislike REconstruction policies

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Democrats Recapture South

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through redemption

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Election of 1876

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Republicans nominate Governor Rutherfor B. Hayes, not Grant. Democrats nominate Governor Samuel J. Tilden. Tilden wins populat vote, 1 shy of electoral. 2 electoral votes disputed

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* Political, Economic, and Social issues as they impact Reconstruction. How North and South differ.

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Political- State Constitutional Conventions met. Southern voters elected new Republican-dominated government. Physical- Homefield advantage left severe damage all over south. they must now rebuild. Total war affected everywhere also needed repair. Economic- property values and per capita wealt plummet. Many died during war so their businesses ended. Economy in the pits. Further economic problems led yo anger toward African- Americans. New Republican governments start ambitous and very expensive projects and programs. State governments raise taxes slowing recovery. Republicans consisted of scalawags, carpetbaggers, and african-americans. 40 acres and a mule. Sharecropping and tenant farming. Othercountries started poducing cotton. South overproduced so price of cotton plummeted. Panic of 1873.

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14th amendment

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Made african-americans citizens and barred Confederate leaders from holding public offices.

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15 amendment

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Gave african-americans the right to vote.

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End of Reconstruction

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Compromise of 1877, Anmesty Act, Death of Sumer and Stevens, redemption, home rule, administration frauds, and the splitting of the Republican Party led to this.

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