Drugs and the human body Test Questions – Flashcards
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Unlock answers| What is a drug? |
| any absorbed substance taht changes or enhances any psychical or psycholical functions in the body |
| What are the types of drugs that produce a withdrawal syndrome? (3) |
1) Depressants 2) Stimulants 3) Opiates |
| what is the difference between phamacodymanics and pharmacokinetics? |
- pharmacodymanics stud drug actions and effects - pharmacokinetics : study the rates of change of a drug (ex. rates of absorption) |
| Whta is peristalsis? |
| rythmic motion of GI system in digestion |
| what does renal mean? |
| pertaining to kidneys |
| what is Synergistic? |
| when multiple elements come together to give a super addictive effect |
| what is taxol? and where did it originate? |
| taxol is a new anti cancer drug, that has not bee synthesised yet because it is very complex, and comes from teh Yew Tree |
| what does Visceral mean? |
| pertaining to internal organs |
| what does febrile mean? |
| feverish |
| what does emetic mean? |
| drug that induces vomiting |
| what is an antipyretic? |
| reduces fever |
| what is an analgesic? |
| reduces pain |
| what is chemotherapy? |
| attack on a disease using a specififc chemical designed for the purpose |
what are forms of chemotherapy not involving chemicals? |
a) holistic (spiritual) b) herbal (bee venom) c)homeopathy (ting doses) of active consituent |
| what is naturopathy? |
| techniques used to restor health rather than treat disease |
| what is body based medicine? |
| - useful in chiropractic, acupuncture, and massage |
| what is Digitalis? and where does it originate from? |
| a cardiactive steroid from foxglove plant |
| What is insulin? Where does insulin come form? |
| its promotes and regulates gulcose and comes from the pancreas of dogs |
| can you make drugs from gene splicing? |
| yes, but only porteins |
| do compounds with similar structure also show similar biological activity? |
| yes |
| What does Ibuprofen contain? |
| isobutyl, propionic acid and phenyl ring |
| what is the brand name of acetaminophen? |
| Tylenol |
| what does TI mean? |
therapeutic index = TD50/ED50 - high values are safer - tells you how fatal a substance is |
| Does alcohol have a lower TI than cocaine and morphine? |
| no, alcohol has a TI of 10 , Cocaine, 15 and Morphine 70 |
| what drug can actively transport ? |
| L- Dopa, but common for sugars and amino acids |
| What are the different kinds of routes of administration? |
1) Oral = most common 2) Inhalation = corrosive over time 3)Injection = need for sterlization 4) Body orifices 5) Skin application/patch 6) Implantable = slow release |
| which two countries are fake drugs an issue? |
| latin america (mexico) and china |
| which brand has just came out with a cheaper version of viagra? |
| Teva |
| what is the difference between aspirin and advanced aspirin? |
| advance aspirin works 6x fast and uses nanos |
| how do drugs come into the body? |
| through the capillary beds |
| Is cholesterol water soluable? |
| No, it is unsoluable and can only dissolve with hydrocarbon |
| Which cholesterol is the worst for you: HDL, LDL, or VLDL? |
| VLDL = trans fatty acids |
| what is teh chemical structure of steroids/cholesterol? |
| 4 rings (6,6,6,5) |
| what is the highest selling prescription drug? |
| Lipitor - cholesterol |
| which sex is gallstones more prevelant in? |
| women |
| what are the 3 function groups of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)? |
| R= carbon , H = halixe, OH = hydrogen and oxygen |
| what is the most organic compound on the planet? |
| gulcose (sugar) |
| what are organic chemicals? |
| chemicals that contain carbon |
| What are the critierias for addiction? |
1) withdrawl 2)psychological changes 3) tolerance build up |
| how is botox used as an analgesic? |
| it is being used to treat chronic migraines, however it is the most toxi substance known to humans |
| what happens as we get older? |
| we lose water, increase fat levels and lose muscle mass |
| What is BMI and how is it calculated? |
Body Mass index : weight in kg/height in m2 ex. 100 kg mass at 2m height BMI = 100/4 = 25 healthy range is 20 -26 |
| What is the blood brain barrier? and what drugs can pass more easily? |
blood brain barrier is a meberane that seperate blood from the cereprobal spinal fluid
- sat soluable drugs peneterate more easily than water soluble |
| which drugs can penetrate the blood brain barrier easily? |
- tranquilizers - barbiturates - LSD - narcotics (opioids) - marijuana |
| Which molecules stay longer in the body; polar or non polar? |
| - non polar = THC |
| what are the 6 main analgesics (pain killers)? |
1) aspirin 2) acetaminophen (tyelnol) 3) Ibuprofen (mortin/advil) 4) Naproxen (aleve) 5)Celebrex & vioxx |
| What does the term xenobiotic mean? |
- a forgien substance to the body - most drugs, or toxins (pesticides) - human body must beable to break it down
|
| What enxyme is primarily found in the liver? |
Cytochrome P -450 (CYP) - xenobiotic break down manily due to CYP |
| What is hyrdolysis? |
- adding water may cleave an ester function ex. alcohol and carboxylic = Aspirin |
| what is ment by drug half life? |
| - time needed for inital level of drug in blood to fall 1/2 of this value ( t1/2) |
| what are the 3 types of drug tolerance? |
1) Metabolic: liver makes more enzymes 2) cellular adaptive : tissues do not respond 3) behavioral : user learns to handle drug |
| what are the two major types of drug - drug interactions? |
1) Synergism : 2 drugs act on eachother to enhance effects 2) Barbiturates and alcohol |
| what is an anit- coagulant? |
| inhibits the formation of blood clots |
| how much does 1 grain = in mg? |
| 65 mg |
| what are the 7 body fluids that drugs target? |
1) Intracellular 2)Extracellular 3) cerebrospinal 4)Placental blood supply 5)Intraocular (inside eye) 6) synovial (inside body joints) 7) Urine |
| What 5 tissues do drugs target? |
1) Muscle 2) organs 3) Fat 4) Albumins 5) Bone |
| drugs are often unequally distrbuted. What are the two barriers of distrubition? |
1) Blood brain barrier 2) placenta barrier |
| how may the liver handle a drug? |
1) changed chemically 2) chemically linked to a normal body substance 3) altered to be more soluble in urine |
| what does induction of microsomal enzymes mean? |
| - if a person takes heavy doses of barbiturates over many days the liver nezymes may be insufficient to handle detoxification |
| what are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system? |
parasympathetic : relax sympathetic : fight or flight |
| what are sympathomimetics? |
| ddrugs that imitat the effects of the sympathetic nervous system (ex. amphetamines) |
| what are two ways that neurotransmitters can terminate transmission? |
- catabolism (enzymes break it down) - reuptake |
| what are terms thatend ASE and what end in OSE called ? |
ase (enzymes) ose (sugar) |
| what are the two types of receptors? |
Alpha : relaxation Beta : increase in heart activity |
| what are beta blocker? |
| beta blockers are used to treat ADHD , cheat pain, and high blood pressure |
| What is ritalin for? and what does it do? |
| ritalin is for children with ADD, and it causes a release of dompaine ad norepinephrine |
| What if the difference between the structure of dompaine and the structure of neropinephrine? |
| neropinephrine has an OH |
| Why does L-dopa exists? |
| COOH is added to dopamine to make L-dopa so it can cross the blood brain barrier |
| What are the most important neurotransmitters? |
1) Acetylcholine * (found in CNS and PNS) 2)Norepinephrine 3) Dopamine |
| What are two other important neurotransmitters? |
1)Gaba: major inhibiorty transmitter in brain 2) Serotonin: blood, brain and GI tract
- both related to depression |
| what are 4 popular anti depressants? |
1)Prozac - no longer patent 2)Paxil - PTSD 3)Wellburtin - also cuts smoking cessation 4) Zolfot - can be used for pms
|
| What drugs contain fluorine? |
| Lipitor, Crestor, Seretide |
| What is Tryptophan? |
an amino acid found in milk and turkey that gets converted into serotonin
- it is a sleep inducer and or body can not produce it on its own |
| Does the UN or RCMP encourage SIS's? ( safe injection sites) |
| The UN does but NOT RCMP |
| What is covalent bonding? |
| a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron paris between atoms |
| what is laudanum? |
| mix of alcohol, codiene and morphine |
| What is tiritium? |
| element that will radioactively label morphine during a scan |
| What are 4 kinda of opiod receptors? |
- Mu - Delta - Kappa - Orphan receptor (ORL) |
| how are codeine and morphine simialr in their chemical structures? |
| codeine has O CH3 instead of OH |
| What does chewing on coca help with? |
| altitude sickness (machu picchu) |
| which is the most unsatisfying drug ? |
| cocaine |
| what are the personality traits of a heavy user of cocaine? |
- ambitious - competitive -financially well off -intolerant of weakness |
| what is teh average purity of street cocaine? |
| 60% |
| which compounds are used to 'cut; street cocaine? |
- Lidocaine - Procaine |
| what structures are related to cocaine? |
- atropine - scopolamine |
| Which country consumes the most about of coffee? |
| Finland |
| Which country consumes the most amount of alcohol? |
| Moldava( Czechoslovakia ) |
| what is a teratogen? |
factor that causes malformation of the embryo (alcohol) |
| at what BAC do you reach black out? |
0.20%, and 0.30% = lethal |
| what BAC are you considered legally drunk in ontario? |
| 0.8% |
| hwo long does caffeine last? |
| 3 - 7.5 hrs (usually 3 tho) |
| can coffee affect the chances of a miscarriage? |
| 2 cups a day = double the chance |
| how much is too much coffee? |
| 4 cups (500 - 600mg) |
| does caffeine effect children differently? |
Yes, 1 cola drink for a child = 4 cups of coffee for an adult |
| what is taurin? |
an acid found in energy drinks that reduc blood pressure and used in body building
structure: 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, major constituent of bile; 1st isolated from ox bile |
| How many mg in red bull? |
| 80 mg, about a half a cup of coffee |
| Does caffeine offset alcohol? |
| Nope |
| is 'non' alcoholic beer actually 'non' alcoholic? |
| No, it can contain as much as 0.5%, and thsi can cause a relapse for addicts |
| what are congeners? |
| certain chemical added for flavor, odor and colour to alcohol (gastiritis association) |
| what alcohols are more likely to give you a hangover? |
| red wine, brandy, and whiskey |
| which ethnicty drinks more? |
| whites |
| what is the proof of pure eythl? |
| 200 proof |
| what is denatured alcohol? |
| chemicals are added to ethyl to ensure that humans can not drik it (ex. acetone) |
| what is wood alcohol? |
| methyl: ethyl's poisonous cousin |
| does alcohol effect the way we sleep? |
| Yes, it changes REM |
| what are delirium trements (DT)? |
| seirzers and cardovasular collapse that occurs with withdrawal |
| how is caffiene used medically? |
| to treet migraines because it acts as a vasodillator (dilates blood) |
| what are the different carbon "suffix's " ? |
single = ane (butane) Double = ene (polystyrene) Triple = yne (ethyne) |
| What are teh different prefixes? |
Pentane Isopentane Neopentane |
| Which Alkane has the least amount of Isomers and which has the most? |
least = Methane Most = Decane |
| what are cycloalkanes? |
| they have 6 C's (hexagon) = C6H12 |
| where do hydrocrabons come from? |
| refining petroleum |
| what are the sub categories of hydrocrabons? (4) |
1) Alkanes 2)Alkenes 3)Alkynes 4)Aromatics |
| what are aromatic compounds? |
| they conatin one or more benzene ring, and like cyclohexane but 3 double bonds |
| What is the acetaminophen (tylenol) structure? |
| Para postion of N -acetyl group on benzen ring |
| What is teh structure of aspirin? |
benzen ring, carboxylic acid, and ester C9H8O4 |
| what is the structure for Ibuprofen(Mortin/Advil)? |
hydrophobic aromatic , 3 C side chain (carboxylic acid, Benzene ring , isobutyl sidechain) |
| what is the chemical structure of Naproxne? |
| C14H14O3 |
| what is a beta -phenethylamine? |
| link for activity in many neurotransmitters, induces a high that is similar to 'being in love' |
| how is the structure of epinephrine similar to that of norepinephrine? |
| no methyl group on N |
| how is aleve's (Naproxen) structure simialr to crystal meth? |
| Aleve has an OH component, that makes it different |
| PMMA is the laced version of ectasy, how much more toxic is it? |
| 5x more toxic then ectasy |
| which drug does bath salts resemble structurally? |
| ectasy |
| how much is 1 teaspoon in ml? |
| 5ml |
| A patient brings home a prescription consisting of 200ml of a liquid . The doctor said take 1 teaspoon full 4x a day. how long will the prescription last? |
1 teaspoon = 5ml 5x4 = 25 ml 200/25 = 10
prescription will last 10 days |
| how many grams are in a pound? |
| 454 grams = 1lb |
| If a dose of a drug is 25 mg/kg body weight and a patient weighs 176 pounds, how many grams of drugs should he be given? |
454 = .454 .454 x 176 = 79.9 kg 79.9 x 25 = 1997mg .001 x 1997 = 1.997 g |
| what is an alkoid? where is it obtained? and what are examples? |
| alkoid = organic molecules that conatin nitrogen and alkaine , found in plants (caffeine, codiene, nictoine) |
| what are the advantages of oral treatment vs. injection? |
oral : painless, no need for sterility, easy administration injection: rapid, direct acess , rightaway
|
| why did the FDA state that the combo of aspirin and an antacid is irration? |
| aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid so using another acid to relieve issue wouldnt work |
| what happens to CNS, cardio system, and eye during cocaine use? |
| - increased heart rate, blood pressure increase, euphoria, and dialted pupils |
| what si the most mind altering drug used in america? |
| caffiene |
| what lead to cold hands and feet when smoking? |
| constriction of peripheral blood vessels |
| what is racemixture? |
50/50 mixtures or dextrortatory and leorotary optical issomers (inactive) |
| what is antabuse? |
| a treatment for alcoholics , prevents nausea, and headaches |
