Chapters 5, 6, & 7 – Flashcards
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| Rutherford's model of the atom (nuclear) did not explain what two things regarding electrons? |
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| how the electrons occupy the space around the nucleus and why the negatively charged electrons aren't pulled into the atom's positively charged nucleus |
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| Analysis of light helped determine that an atom's chemical reactivity is due to the arrangement of its what? |
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| electrons |
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| What is a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space? |
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| electromagnetic radiation |
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| What is the number of waves that pass a given point per second? |
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| frequency |
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| What is the greek letter frequency is represented by? |
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| nu |
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| What is the shortest distance between equivalent points on continuous wave? |
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| wavelength |
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| What greek letter is wavelength represented by? |
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| lambda |
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| What is a wave's height from the origin to a crew or origin to a trough? |
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| amplitude |
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| The higher the frequency of a wave, the ______ its wavelength. |
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| shorter |
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| The lower the frequency of a wave, the __________ the wavelength. |
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| longer |
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| When white light is bent by a prism, it forms a series of colors. List the acronym that represents these colors. |
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| ROYGBIV |
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| What does ROYGBIV mean? |
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| red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet |
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| Which color has the shortest wavelength and the greets energy at what value? |
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| violet, 400nm |
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| Which color has the shortest wavelength and least energy at what value? |
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| red, 700nm |
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| Max Planck concluded that matter can gain or lose energy only in small, specific amounts called what? |
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| quanta |
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| What is the minimum amount of energy that can be gain or lost by an atom? |
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| quantum |
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| What is the number value with units of Planck's constant? |
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| 6.626 x 10^-34 J*s |
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| When electrons are emitted from a metal's surface when light of a certain frequency shines on the surface? |
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| photoelectric effect |
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| In 1905, Einstein props that electromagnetic radiation was both ____________ and _________ _____ natures. |
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| wavelike and particle like |
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| What is a particle of electromagnetic radiation with no mass that carries a quantum of energy? |
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| photon |
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| What is the set of frequencies of the electromagnetic waves emitted by atoms of an element (like neon)? |
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| atomic emission spectrum |
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| What is the lowest allowable energy state of an atom? |
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| ground state |
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| What state is it called when an atom gains energy? |
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| excited electron state |
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| When an atom drops back from excited to the ground state, it emits what that corresponds wight he amount of energy? |
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| photon |
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| What did Bohr compare his model to? (it takes energy to get up and you cannot go in between) |
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| 7 rungs of a ladder |
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| What are the three series that describe hydrogen's spectral lines? |
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| Lyman, Balmer, and Paschen |
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| Which series describes hydrogen's spectral lines for the ultraviolet? |
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| Lyman |
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| Which series that describes hydrogen's spectral lines for visible lines? |
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| Balmer |
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| What series describes hydrogen's spectral lines are for the infrared? |
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| Paschen |
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| Who worked on Bohr's model and made the assumption that particles of matter like electrons may act like what? |
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| De Brogile, waves |
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| What states it is fundamentally impossible to know precisely both the velocity and position of a particle at the same time? |
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| Heisenburg uncertainty principle |
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| Schrodinger developed an atomic model in which electrons are treated as waves called what? |
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| the quantum mechanical model of the atom |
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| What is a three dimensional region around the nucleus that describes an electron's probable location? |
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| atomic orbital |
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| All "s" orbitals are what shaped? |
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| spherical |
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| All "p" orbitals are what shaped? |
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| dumbbell |
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| What is the arrangement of electrons in an atom called? |
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| electron configuration |
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| What states that each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital available? |
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| Aufbau principle |
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| What states that single electrons with the same spin must occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional electrons with opposite spins can occupy the same orbital? |
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| Hund's rule |
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| What states that a maximum of two electrons may occupy a single atomic orbital, but only if the electrons have opposite spins? |
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| The Pauli exclusion principle |
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| What are electrons in an atom's outermost orbital? |
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| valence electrons |
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| What do valence electrons do? |
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| determine chemical reactivity of the atom |
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| What structure did Lewis devise that consists of the element's symbol which represents the atomic nucleus and inner level electrons, surrounded by dots representing the atoms's what? |
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| electron dot, valence electrons |
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| All stars are composed manly of what two gases? |
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| hydrogen and helium |
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| What one element that does not occur naturally on Earth but is found in stars using a spectroscope? |
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| technetium |
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| Who developed the first periodic table in 1869? |
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| Dmitri Mendeleev |
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| How was the first periodic table arranged? |
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| by increasing atomic mass into columns with similar properties |
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| Who changed the way the elements were arranged on the periodic table? |
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| Henry Mosely |
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| There is a periodic repetition of chemical and physical properties of the elements when they are arranged by increasing atomic number that is stated in what law? |
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| periodic law |
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| What are the horizontal rows of elements called? |
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| periods |
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| What are the vertical columns on the periodic table called? |
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| groups or families |
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| The groups designated with a B are referred to as what? |
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| transition metals |
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| The groups designated by an A are referred to as what and why? |
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| representative elements bc of a wide range of chemical and physical properties |
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| What are elements that are shiny, solid at room temperature, good conductors of heat and electricity? |
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| metals |
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| What is metal that can be pounded into thin sheets called? |
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| malleable |
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| What is the term for when metals can be drawn into wires? |
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| ductile |
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| On the periodic table, what color are the metals? |
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| blue |
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| On the periodic table, what color are the nonmetals? |
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| yellow |
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| On the periodic table, what color are the metalloids? |
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| green |
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| Elements in group 1A except what element are called what? |
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| hydrogen, alkali |
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| Elements in 2A are called what? |
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| alkaline earth metals |
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| List the elements that are considered metalloids? |
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| boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, polonium, astantine |
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| What are the only two elements on the periodic table that are liquids at room temperature? |
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| bromine and mercury |
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| What do the inner transition metals consist of and are located at the bottom of the table? |
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| lanthanide and actinide |
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| What are the elements in the B element position? |
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| transition metals |
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| Where are nonmetals located on the periodic table? |
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| upper right side |
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| What are generally brittle or gases, or dull looking solids and are poor conductors of heat and electricity? |
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| nonmetals |
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| What are the highly reactive 7A elements called? |
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| halogens |
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| What are the highly nonreactive 8A elects called? |
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| noble gases |
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| Which two metalloids are used in computer chips and solar cells? |
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| silicon and germanium |
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| Atoms of the same what have similar chemical properties why? |
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| group, they have the same number of valence electrons |
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| What is the only noble gas that has two valence electrons? |
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| helium |
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| Which groups of elements make up the p block? |
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| 3A-8A except Uuq |
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| Which groups make up the f block? |
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| inner transition metals |
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| Which group makes up the s block? |
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| 1A and 2A plus hydrogen and helium |
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| Which groups make up the d block? |
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| transition metals (largest block) 1B-8B and Uuq |
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| What is a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the sample/s composition? |
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| physical property |
