Chapter 23 Functional Groups – Flashcards
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| How are organic compounds classified? |
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| Organic compounds can be classified according to their functional groups. |
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| What is a halocarbon? |
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| A halocarbon is a carbon containing compound with a halogen substituent. |
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| How may halocarbons be prepared? |
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| A halogen can replace a hydrogen atom on an alkane to produce a halocarbon. |
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| Functional group |
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| a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions |
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| Halocarbons |
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| a class of organic compounds containing covalently bonded fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. |
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| Alkyl halides |
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| halocarbons in which a halogen is attached to a carbon of an aliphatic chain |
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| Aryl halides |
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| halocarbons in which a halogen is attached to a carbon of an arene ring |
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| Substitution reaction |
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| an atom, or a group of atoms, replaces another atom or group of atoms. |
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| How are alcohols classified? |
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| aliphatic alcohols can be classified into structural categories according to the number of R groups attached to the carbon with the hydroxyl group. |
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| How are alcohols named? |
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| When using the IUPAC system to name continuous-chain and substituted alcohols, drop the -e ending of the parent alkane name and add the ending -ol. |
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| How does the solubility of an alcohol vary with the length of its carbon chain? |
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| alcohols of up to four carbons are soluble in water in all proportions. The solubility of alcohols with four or more carbons in the chain is usually much lower. |
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| What reactions of alkenes may be used to introduce functional groups into organic molecules? |
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| addition reactions of alkenes are an important method of introducing new functional groups into organic molecules. |
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| What is the general structure of an ether and how are their alkyl groups named? |
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| the general structure of an ether is R-O-R. The alkyl groups attached to the ether linkage are named in alphabetical order and are followed by the word ether. |
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| Alcohol |
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| an organic compound with an -OH group. |
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| Hydroxyl group |
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| the -OH functional group in alcohols |
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| Fermentation |
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| the production of ethanol from sugars by the action of yeast or bacteria. |
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| Denatured alcohol |
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| ethanol with an added substance to make it toxic (poisonous). |
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| Addition reaction |
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| a substance is added at the double or triple bond of an alkene or alkyne. |
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| Hydration reaction |
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| the addition reaction of water to an alkene |
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| Hydrogenation reaction |
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| the addition of hydrogen to a carbon-carbon double bond to produce an alkane |
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| Ether |
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| a compound in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon groups. |
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| What is the structure of a carbonyl group found in aldehydes and ketones? |
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| The C=0 functional group is present in aldehydes and ketones. |
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| What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid? |
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| the general formula for a carboxylic acid is RCOOH. |
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| What is the general structure of an ester? |
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| Esters contain a carbonyl group and an ether link to the carbonyl carbon. The general formula for an ester is RCOOR. |
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| Why is dehydrogenation an oxidation reaction? |
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| dehydrogenation is an oxidation reaction because the loss of each molecule of hydrogen involves the loss of two electrons from the organic molecule. |
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| Carbonyl group |
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| a functional group with the general structure C=O |
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| Aldehyde |
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| an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is always joined to at least one hydrogen. The general formula is RCHO. |
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| Ketone |
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| an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to two other carbons. The general formula is RCOR. |
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| Carboxylic acid |
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| a compound with a carboxyl group. |
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| Carboxyl group |
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| it consists of a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group. |
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| Fatty acids |
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| the name given to continuous-chain carboxylic acids that were first isolated from fats. |
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| Esters |
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| derivatives of carboxylic acids in which the -OH of the carboxyl group has been replaced by an -OR from an alcohol. |
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| Dehydrogenation reaction |
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| the loss of hydrogen. Strong heating and a catalyst are usually necessary. |
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| How does an addition polymer form? |
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| An addition polymer forms when unsaturated monomers react to form a polymer. |
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| How are condensation polymers formed? |
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| Condensation polymers are formed by the head-to-tail joining of monomer units. |
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| Polymer |
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| a large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of repeating smaller molecules. |
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| Monomers |
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| the smaller molecules that combine to form a polymer. |
