Psychology 2000 Chapter 1 – Flashcards
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Wundt referred to the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities as
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Objective introspection
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Hispanic psychologist Jorge Sanchez is known for his research on
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Intelligence tests and their cultural biases
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The process of objectively examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities is known as
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Objective introspection
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The textbook defines a ____________ as someone who seeks wisdom and knowledge through thinking and discussion
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Philosopher
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The first university in the United States to offer classes in psychology was ________ in the late 1870's.
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Harvard University
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When Rashid graduated from college, he believed he had finally achieved his full potential. Abraham Maslow called this type of achievement:
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Self-actualization
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Today, Gestalt ideas are part of which branch of psychology?
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Cognitive Psychology
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How does humanism differ from psychodynamic theory and behaviorism?
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Humanism focuses on people's ability to direct their own lives
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Which perspective focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share?
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The evolutionary perspective
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The largest subfield of psychology is:
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Clinical
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Psychologists in the counseling specialization:
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Must be licensed to practice in their states
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Dr. Eckler is looking for new ideas to examine and is interested in testing the notion that students who prepare for their exams by cramming will perform poorly than students who study regularly throughout the semester. The notion being tested best depicts which of the following research concepts?
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A hypothesis
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Dr. Mason observes that the students in her class who read both the text and visual aid presentations tend to perform better on her exams than the students who simply read the text or visual aids alone. Dr. Mason's observations best depicts which goal of psychology?
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Description
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In an experiment, it is best to divide participants into the control or experimental group by:
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Using random assignment
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Which research method will allow researchers to determine the cause of behavior?
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Conducting an experiment
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The four goals of psychology are accomplished through:
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The scientific method
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If it is shown that students grades go down the more hours they spend watching TV, then grades and hours spent watching TV have a ________ correlation.
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Negative
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If there is ________ in a medical experiment, the control group will show changes in the dependent variable even if they are given a harmless substitute rather than a real drug.
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A placebo effect
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_______ refers to the tendency of observers to see what they expect to see:
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Observer bias
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Consider the following statement: "Women avoid computer science because it is stereotypically dominated by males. This in turn, leads many women to feel that the field is not accessible to them." This is an example of a
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Explanation
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Within the field of psychology, mental processes refer to
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All internal, covert activity of our minds
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Talking, facial expressions, and movements are elements of:
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Behavior
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An ________ reviews a proposed study and judges it accordingly to safety and consideration for its participants
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Institutional review board
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An institutional review board reviews:
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A study's safety and consideration for the research participants
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____ is the rule of thumb stating that if there are two explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest explanation is more often the best one.
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The law of parsimony
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The Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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Psychology
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any action
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Behavior
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perceptions, thoughts, feelings
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Mental Processes
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Who was known as the "Father of Psychology"
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Wilheim Wundt
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a non-biased approach to study what goes on in the head
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Objective Introspection
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Was a student of Wundt; translated his works into English; deals with structuralism
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Edward Titchener
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Dealt with Functionalism
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William James
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Founded the 1st experimental psychology laboratory
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Wilheim Wundt
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study the function of consciousness; how the mind allows people to work, play, adapt to new circumstances
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Functionalism
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Study consciousness by trying to understand its smallest, most basic elements
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Structuralism
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Dealt with Gestalt Psychology and how we experience the world
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Max Werthheimer
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Worked with patients whose complaints had no identifiable physical cause;focused on the role of unconscious (where unwanted urges and desires are pushed towards)
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Sigmund Freud
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Therapy based on Freud's idea's; focus on early childhood development, psychosexual stages, dream interpretation
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Psychoanalysis
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Study of observable behavior; John watson
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Behaviorism
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Was interested in reflexes; discovered that reflexes could be conditioned or learned. For example: Food saliva
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Pavlov
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Watson tried to create a phobia using the conditioning technique discovered by Pavlov. This study was know as the ____________
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Little Albert Study
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Modern version of psychoanalysis
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Psychodynamics
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Type of bond formed between caregiver and infant
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Attachement Theory
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How people think, remember, and store information
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Cognitive Perspective
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brain and cognitive processing
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Cognitive neuroscience
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Combines social and cultural psychology
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Sociocultural Perspective
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How to manipulate voluntary behavior by changing the consequences of behavior
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Behavioral Perspective
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Emphasis on conscious and immediate experiences and the empowerment of the individual to become the best he/she can be (to self-actualize); Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
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Humanistic Perspective
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Tendency to notice, seek out, and interpret info in a way consistent with your own prior beliefs
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Confirmation Bias
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A system for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data
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Scientific Method
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The four types of descriptive methods are:
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Naturalistic Observation Laboratory Observation Case Study Surveys
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Watching animals or humans behave in their normal environment
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Naturalistic Observation
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tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed
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Observer Effect
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A naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed (to reduce observer effect)
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Participant observation
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tendency of observers to see what they expect to see
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Observer Bias
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people who do not know what the research question is (to reduce observer bias)
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Blind Observers
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Watching animals or humans behave in a laboratory setting
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Laboratory Observation
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Study of one individual in great detail
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Case Studies
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A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions or behaviors of people
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Surveys
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entire group of people or animals the researchers are interested in
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population
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randomly selected sample of subjects for a larger population
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Representative sample
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variables are related in the same direction
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Positive correlation
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variables are related in opposite direction
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Negative correlation
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Assigning participants to experiment and control conditions by random assignment minimizes pre-existing differences between two groups
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Random Assignment
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extraneous variable that affects the variables you are interested in studying
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Confounds
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participants change their behavior based on what they perceive the experiment to be about
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Demand Characteristics
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explanations of participants can influence their behavior
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placebo effect
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experimenter's expectations can unintentionally influence the results of a study
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experimenter effect
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special type of quantitative review of a research literature
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Meta-analysis
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allow people to make their own decisions
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autonomy
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maximize benefits while minimizing harm
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Beneficence
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operant conditioning was developed by
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bf skinner
