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thirteen original colonies

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refers to the revolting colonies; there were actually 32 colonies under British rule in N.America by 1775; youthful people in the colonies- average age in 1775 was 16; balance of power issue between colonies and England; most populous (1775): Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, N.Carolina, Maryland; actual cities-Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Charleston; 90% people lived in rural areas

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Pennsylvania Dutch

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the Lutheran Germans in the colonies were known as this (a corruption of the German word Deutsch); totaled 1/3 of colony's population; in Philly street signs were in German + English; clung to German roots

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Scots-Irish

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an important non-English group, but spoke English; they were turbulent Scots Lowlanders; lived in Northern Ireland but didn't prosper and were hated by Irish Catholics; moved to the colonies, mainly to religious-tolerant Pennsylvania; pushed out onto the frontier, many of them squatters; violent with Indians which angered western colonies; superb frontiersmen; chain of settlements lay scattered along the "great wagon road"; said that they kept Sabbath; brought secrets of whiskey distilling; led armed march of the Paxton Boys on Philadelphia (1764) + spearheaded Regulator movement in N.Carolina; Andrew Jackson and a dozen other presidents were of this descent

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great wagon road

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chain of Scots-Irish settlements; hugged the eastern Appalachian foothills from Pennsylvania-Georgia

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march of the Praxton Boys

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Scots-Irish led this armed march on Philadelphia (1764), protesting the Quaker oligarchy's lenient policy toward the Indians

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Regulator movement

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a small but violent insurrection against eastern domination of North Carolina's affairs

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de Crevecoeur

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saw the mixed races in America and asked "What then is the American, this new man?"

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almhouses

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Philadelphia + New York built these in the 1730s to care for the poor

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black slaves

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least fortunate of all, no equality with whites, oppressed +degraded; whites feared rebellion; South Carolina sensed the dangers present in a heavy concentration of resentful slaves and attempted to restrict their importation; British authorities vetoed all such efforts

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Christian ministry

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most honored profession; (1775) had less influence than in the early days of Massachusetts but still had high prestige

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physicians

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most were poorly trained + not highly esteemed; (1765) first medical school est.; those aspiring for this job would serve as apprentices before being turned loose on their "victims"; bleeding-favorite + often fatal remedy; barbers often used as substitutes

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smallpox

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afflicted 1/5 people; powered dried toad was a favorite prescription

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Diphtheria

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a deadly disease, esp. of young people; one epidemic in the 1730s took thousands of lives

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lawyers

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often regarded as noisy windbags or troublemaking rogues; an early Connecticut court classed them with drunkards+brothel keepers; by 1750, they were considered useful; able to defend colonial rights against the crown on legal demands, those such as James Otis +Patrick Henry were prominent

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agriculture

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leading industry; involved 90% of people

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tobacco

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staple crop in Maryland + Virginia

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bread colonies

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name for the fertile middle colonies because they produced a lot of grain; by 1759 New York exported 80 thousand barrels of flour a year

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fishing

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ranked far below agriculture, but was still rewarding; a major industry in New England- exported shiploads of dried cod to Catholic Euro countries; shipbuilding + whaling also large professions

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Yankee seamen

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not skilled mariners but rather successful traders; provisioned the sugar islands with food +forest products; hauled Spanish +Port. gold, wine, oranges to London to be exchanged for industrial goods which were sold for large profit in America

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manufacturing

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not of great importance in the colonies; workers could get ahead faster in soil-rich America by tilling the land; large quantities of "kill devil" rum , beaver hats; iron forges were numerous; spinning, weaving, craftspeople; lumbering- the most important

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lumbering

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the most important single manufacturing activity; cartloads of virgin timber were consumed by shipbuilders, at first in New England then elsewhere; (1770) 1/3 of British merchant marine was American-built

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Molasses Act

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(1733) bowing to pressure from influential British West Indian planters, Parliament passed this act, aimed at lessening North American trade with the French West Indies; this would have had a bad effect on American international trade + to colonists' standard of living

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French West Indies

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trade with these islands was important because its purchases of North American timber + foodstuffs provided the crucial cash for the colonists to continue to make their own purchases in England

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roads

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dusty in the summer and swamps in the winter; stagecoach travelers faced addition dangers- tree strewn roads, rickety bridges, carriage overturns, runaway horses; travelers prayed before journeys

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taverns

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these sprang up along the maine routs of travel, as well as in the cities; attractions- bowling alleys, pool tables, bars, gambling equipment; meeting place, lots of gossip; important in shaping public opinion; Revolutionary movement gathered momentum here

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intercolonial postal system

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est. by the mid-1700s, although private couriers remained; some mail handled on credit; service slow +infrequent; secrecy problematic; mail carriers passed time by reading the letters

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Church of England

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its members called Anglicans; became the official faith in Georgia, N. and S. Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, part of New York; British officials tried to impose it on other colonies; more flexible faith- sermons shorter, hell less sever, amusements less frowned upon; no resident bishops in New World; American students of Anglican theology had to travel to England to be ordained

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Congregational Church

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grew out of Puritan Church; formally est. in all New England colonies except Rhode Island; at first Massachusetts taxed all residents to support this faith but later exempted members of other well-known religions; this, Presbyterianism, and rebellion became a trinity;

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Catholics

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still discriminated against, even in office holding; fewer in America, and so anti-papist laws were less severe and less strictly enforced

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Great Awakening

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a rousing religious revival in the 1730s-1740s; first ignited in Northampton by Jonathan Edwards; Whitefield a main preacher; old lights +new lights; its emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality undermined the older clergy whose authority had derived from their education; set off schisms in many denominations; encouraged a fresh wave of missionary work among Indians +black slaves; led to founding of new light centers of higher learning- Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth; the first spontaneous mass movement of the American people

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Jonathan Edwards

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proclaimed the folly of believing in salvation through good works +affirmed the need for complete dependence on God's grace; sermon- "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God", hell was "paved with the skulls of unbaptized children"

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George Whitefield

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English parson who had started different style of evangelical preaching in America + started religious revolution; a great orator; spread message of human helplessness and divine omnipotence; his eloquence made Jonathan Edwards cry + Ben Franklin donate money; a big shot; inspired American imitators who took up his electrifying new style of preaching

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old lights

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Orthodox clergymen; very skeptical of the emotionalism + theatrical antics of the revivalists

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new light

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these ministers defended the Awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion

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education

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English said this should be for leadership, not citizenship, and primarily for males; Puritan New England more interested in this-stressed the need for Bible reading; primary goal of clergy was to make good Christians rather than good citizens; more secular approach in late 18th; South had hard time est. schools because of diffused population; wealthy families relied on private tutors; schools+colleges were gloomy; biggest emphasis on religion +classical languages (Latin+Greek); severe discipline; college education regarded highly; poor curriculum

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University of Pennsylvania

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founded by Benjamin Franklin; the first American college free from denomination control

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John Trumbull

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from Connecticut, he was a painter who was discouraged in his youth by his father who said "Connecticut is not Athens"

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Charles W. Peale

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best known for his portraits of George Washington; ran a museum, stuffed birds, practiced dentistry

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Georgian style

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red-bricked style of architecture common in pre-Revolutionary decades; introduced in 1720 and is exemplified in Williamsburg, Virginia

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Phillis Wheatley

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a slave girl brought to Boston at 8 years old and never formally educated; taken to England at 20, published book of verse + other polished poems, influenced by Alexander Pope

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Benjamin Franklin

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called "the first civilized American"; wrote Poor Richard's Almanack; only first-rank scientist produced in American colonies; kite-flying experiment-proved that lightning was a form of electricity, bifocal spectacles, stove, lightning rod; est. first privately supported circulating library in America

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Poor Richards Almanack

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contains pithy sayings + wisdom; well known in Euro and more widely read in America than everything else besides Bible

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Zenger

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his newspaper had attacked the corrupt royal governor and he was charged with seditious libel; went to court and was defended by distinguished lawyer Andrew Hamilton; argued he had printed the truth; jury declared him not guilt; this pointed the way to freedom of expression

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upper house

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or council; legislative body appointed by the crown in the royal colonies and by the proprietor in proprietary colonies and chosen by the voters in self-governing colonies

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lower house

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the popular legislative body; elected by the people-those who owned enough property to qualify as voters; backcountry elements underrepresented

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Lord Cornbury

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first cousin of Queen Anne; made governor of New York + New Jersey in 1702; a drunkard, spendthrift, religious bigot, and fool- appeared in public dressed like a woman

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Townshend taxes

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(1767) through these taxes, Parliament arranged for separate payment of the governors, but by then the colonials were so upset over taxation that this innovation only added fuel to the flames

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ballot

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not a birthright; religious or property qualifications for voting, stiffer qualifications for office holding; upper classes scared of granting this to every "biped of the forest"

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