Life Span – Flashcard
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Primary Sex Characteristics
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Girl-Uterus, vagina, menstruation. Boy-Penis, enlargement of testes, prostate gland and seminal vesicles. occurs 9-14 years of age)
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
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Are not directly related to fertility. Girl- Breasts and pubic hair. Boy- Pubic and facial hair, lowering voice
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Circadian rhythm
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A day-night cycle of biological activity that occurs approx every 24 hours.
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reason why teenagers have increased endurance
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Adrenal glands have increase endurance
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Cause of adolescent acne
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Androgen makes the skins oil gland get larger and make more sebum
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Developed nation with the highest rate of teenage pregnancy
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U.S rate of adolescent pregnancy is the highest of any developed nation
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Sexually active group with the highest rate of gonorrhea, genital herpes, and chlamydia
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Worldwide, sexually active TEENS have higher rates of the common sexual transmitted diseases.
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Early-maturing girls
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tend to have lower self-esteem, more depressed, and poorer body image
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Early-maturing boys
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are more aggressive, lawbreaking, and alcohol abusing
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Slow development boys
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tend to be more anxious, depressed, and afraid of sex
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Imaginary audience
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The other people who in an adolescent's egocentric belief, are watching and taking notes of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior. This belief makes many teenagers very self-conscious
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Egocentrism
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creates an imaginary audience in the minds if many adolescents.
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Adolescent egocentrism
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Thinking about themselves and about what other think of them. ages 10-13
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base rate neglect
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Common fallacy in which a person ignores the overall frequency of some behavior or characteristics in making a decision.
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Intuitive thought
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begins with a belief, assumption, or general rule AKA heuristic, rather than logic. Intuition is quick and powerful, it feels "right"
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digital natives
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young people who have grown up with computers and mobile technology; multitaskers with cellphones, music downloads, and instant messaging on the internet; less comfortable communicating via voice
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cyber-bullying
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Bullying that takes place by email, instant messaging, text messages or web sites
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General amount of high school graduates who will graduate from college
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1/4 of high school graduates who will graduate with their Associate degree. On 34% of those entering college finish with bachelors degree
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Foreclosure
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Erikson's term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents' or society's roles and value without questioning or analysis
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Negative identity
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The direct opposite of whatever their parents want- again without thoughtful questioning
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parental monitoring
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parents' ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom
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deviancy training
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Destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms.
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Facilitate destructive behaviors
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"Let's all skip school on Friday."
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Constructive behaviors
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"let's study together"
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Peer facilitation
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helps adolescents act in ways they are unlikely to act alone
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cluster suicides
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Several suicides committed by members of a group within a brief period of time.
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adolescence-limited offender
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a person whose criminal activity stops by age 21
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when most drug use begins
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Ages 10 to 25, with use before 18 being the best predictor of later abuse
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confidence of adolescents
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the general emotional trend from late childhood through adolescences is toward less confidence
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age group that would likely want to look good
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Is ages 19 through 26.
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A worldwide epidemic resulting from sexual activity if young adult.
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is HIV/AIDs. Emerging adults are prime STI vectors
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major depression
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A very serious mood disorder in which people lose interest in life and can no longer find enjoyment in anything. Other difficulties in sleeping, concentrating, eating, carrying on friendships and feeling hopeful.
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Social phobia
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A type of anxiety disorder involving excessive fear of social situations (unable to make new friends or get a job)
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organ reserve
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The capacity of organs to allow the body to cope with stress, via extra, unused functioning ability
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homeostasis
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a balance between various parts of the body systems- keeping every physical function in sync
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allostasis
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Process by which the body achieves stability through physiological change.
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age group at risk of serious injury and violent death
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ages 18 to 24 year olds (about age 20)
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Percent of emerging adults in the US who have been arrested for drug-related offenses
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33.3% between the ages 18-21
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subjective thought
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arises from personal experiences and perceptions
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Popular major in college
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Business
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Massification
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The idea that establishing colleges of higher learning and encouraging college enrollment can benefit everyone (the masses)
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type of student most likely to benefit from colleges
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students with B.A or higher
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College students most likely to experience shifts in moral reasoning.
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college education is one stimulus for young adults shifts in moral reasoning, especially if course work includes extensive discussion of moral issues
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Intimacy vs. isolation
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The sixth of erikson's eight stages of development. Adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without intimacy adults suffer from loneliness and isolation
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Emerging adulthood
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friendships "Reach their peak of functional significance."
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in male-male friendships
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men tend to share activities and interests, and they talk about external matters-sport, work, politics, cars
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cohabitation
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A situation in which partners share a household and engage in intimate social and sexual relations without being formally married. Increase the likelihood of divorce.
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the prime prerequisite for western marriage
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LOVE is considered a prerequisite for marriage
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linked lives
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Lives in which the success, health, and well-being of each family member are connected to those of other members, including those of another generation, as in the relationship between parents and children.
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helicopter parents
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Parents who hover over children, constantly involved; part of every action, decision, and emotion
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Disability
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Difficulty in performing normal activities of daily life because of some physical, mental, or emotional condition.
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country with the highest rate of diabetes
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The United states is the world leader in obesity and diabetes
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One crucial factor in achieving success
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is social support such as (1) letting others know the specifics of the plan. Implementation-stage of breaking a habit
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effects of drinking alcohol, in moderate/psychoactive substance
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all phychoactive drugs can harm the brain, especially alcohol abuse over decades, which can cause Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome "wet brain". most likely to be used by 30-year-old
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reaction time in an aging brain
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By middle adulthood, there are less neurons and synapses. As a result of these changes, reaction time slows, multitasking becomes more difficult, processing takes longer, and complex working -memory tasks may become impossible.
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analytic intelligence
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Valuable in high school and college, as students are expected to remember and analyze various ideas., A form of intelligence that involves such mental processes as abstract planning, strategy selection, focused attention, and information processing, as well as verbal and logical skills.
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practical intelligence
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Intelligence that is required for everyday tasks. e.g. street smarts
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avoidant coping
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a method of responding to a stressor by ignoring, forgetting, or hiding it.
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weathering
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the gradual accumulation of stressors over a long period of time, wearing down a person's resilience and resistance
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religious coping
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stress-reducing techniques that involve relying on religious or spiritual beliefs
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midlife crisis
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Period of unusual anxiety, radical reexamination, and sudden transformation that is widely associated with middle age but has more to do with developmental history than with chronological age.
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Big Five
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Five basic personality traits from which other traits are derived. They include neuroticism: anxious, moody, self pushing, critical. extraversion: outgoing, assertive, active. openness: imaginative, curious, artistic, creative, open to new experience. agreeableness: kind, helpful, easy going generous. conscientiousness: organized, deliberate, confirming, self-disciplined.
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social convoy
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Collectively, the family members, friends, acquaintances, and even strangers who move through life with an individual
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consequential stranger
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People who are not in a person's closest friendship circle convoy but nonetheless have an impact. Example: neighbors, coworkers, local police officer
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how young adults feel when they move back into their parents home
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more comfortable
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ageism
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Discrimination or prejudice based on a person's age.
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how ageism impacts the elderly
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Ageism impact elderly by seeping into and eating away the older's feelings of incompetence. The resulting self-doubt foster anxiety, morbidity, and even mortality.
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elderspeak
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A condescending way of speaking to older adults that resembles baby talk, with simple and short sentences, exaggerated emphasis, repetition, and a slower rate and a higher pitch than normal speech.
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the most common living arrangement for people over age 65
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most older adults live completely independently along or with an aging spouse
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do elderly drivers have fewer accidents than young people?
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yes, because they are cautious and limit themselves, elderly drivers have few accidents than 20 year old
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primary aging
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The universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all living creatures as they grow older
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osteoporosis
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A bone disorder characterized by reduced bone mass, increased fragile bone, and risk of fractures.
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factors that contribute to a long life
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diet, work, social interaction, and exercise
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brain shrinkage
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-The hypothalamus (memory) and the prefrontal cortex (planning, inhibiting unwanted responses, and coordinating thoughts) shrink faster than some other brain areas. Interferes with multitasking
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working memory
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A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. example: ability to recall string of digits backward
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speed of processing
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speed with which a person can mentally process information; unaffected by age
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plaques
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Clumps of amyloid, a type of protein, that cluster among axon terminals and interfere with neural transmission.
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tangles
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twisted fibers of another protein called tau (rhymes with "wow") that build up inside cells
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symptoms of Parkinson's disease
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tremors, rigidity of limbs, poor balance and difficulty initiating movements, - uncontrollable hand shaking or pill rolling with fingers (resting tremors
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Parkinson's disease
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A slowly progressive neurological disease, marked by tremors and rigidity, that may also cause dementia. caused by reduction of dopamine production in the brain
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factors that worsen the symptoms of dementia
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High level of homocysteine from animal fat seem to increase dementia, and some prescribed drugs destroy certain nutrient
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polypharmacy
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Multiple drug prescriptions. This situation is very common for elderly individuals, and it often increases confusion, forgetfulness, and noncompliance. Minimizing polypharmacy also should be an important consideration when trying to avoid harmful drug interactions.
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life review
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elders provide an account of their personal journey by writing or telling their story. Engaged in by many elderly people
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What happened to extraordinarily creative people in their 70s 80s and 90s
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Robert Butler explained that "old age can be the time of emotional sensory awareness and enjoyment" for example: elder take up gardening, bird watching, sculpting, painting, or making music, even if they have never done so before
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compulsive hoarding
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The urge to accumulate and hold on to familiar objects and possessions, sometimes to the point of their becoming health and/or safety hazards. This impulse tends to increase with age.
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activity theory
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A theory of aging that suggests that those elderly people who remain active and socially involved will be best adjusted
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age in place
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Refers to a preference of elderly people to remain in the same home and community, adjusting but not leaving when health fades.
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if older Americans move, where would they most likely to move
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If they move, most elders want to remain nearby perhaps in a smaller apartment with elevator, never out of state
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crucial factor in success of long-term marriage
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one crucial factor is that the challenges of child rearing, home ownership, economic crises, and so on required cooperation
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frail elderly
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People over age 65, and often over age 85, who are physically infirm, very ill, or cognitively disabled.
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social engagement
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Remaining social is critical to successful aging. Examples : Family, neighborhood, activities at church (DON'T DISENGAGE)
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ways death today is different from 100 years ago
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Death occurs later: A century ago, average life span is less than 40 years. Dying takes longer: Death is postponed through medical tech. Death often occurs in hospitals: with medical tech. the causes of death have changed: now disease deaths before age 50 is rare.
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one hundred years ago where most people died
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at home with their family members nearby
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Religions responses to the issue of autopsies
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most religion opposed to autopsies
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Terminally ill children fear death
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because they fear death means being abandoned
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Good death
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A death that is peaceful, quick, and painless and that occurs after a long life, in the company of family and friends, and in familiar surroundings
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Kubler-Ross's stages of death and dying
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1. Denial "It cant be!" 2. Anger "Why me?" 3. Bargaining "Just let me do this first!" 4. Depression Withdraw, crying and grieving 5. Acceptance-a sense of peace comes
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hospice
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A program that assists with the physical, emotional, spiritual, psychological, social, financial, and legal needs of the dying patient and her or his family. THe service may be provided in the patient's home, or in an institution. Bereavement care for the family is also included
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mourning
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The ceremonies and behaviors that religion or culture prescribed for people to employ in expression their bereavement after death
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purpose of paid obituaries and roadside memorials
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Authorities realized that public commemoration aids grief and mourning, building community
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positivity effect
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The tendency for elderly people to perceive, prefer, and remember positive images and experiences more than negative ones.
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socioemotional selectivity theory
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Older adults become more selective about their social networks. Spend time with more familiar and close friends and family
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The role of malnutrition in dementia
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Some elderly refuse to drink water because they want to avoid urination. Since homeostasis slows with age, older people are likely not to recognize and remedy their hunger or thirst, and thus may inadvertently impair their cognitive.
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dependency ratio
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Calculation of the number of self-sufficient, productive adults compared to number of dependents in a given population.
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the benefits of age and motivation at work
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expertise allows people to continue performing well in their work and their family life throughout adulthood
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factors that contribute to the development of expertise
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choices and practice over time produce expertise, which is intuitive, automatic, strategic, and flexible.
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how a typical 45 years old feel about his chronological age
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feel 5 to 10 years younger. Most adult feel strong, capable, healthy, and in their prime.
