question

One implication of Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory is that to understand development, one must:

answer

Consider the individual and the different levels of sociocultural contexts with which he or she interacts.

question

Development includes:

answer

Growth and decline.

question

Name one advantage and one disadvantage of using surveys as a way to collect data.

answer

Surveys can be used to study a wide range of topics and can collect data from a large number of people. Surveys can be conducted in person, over the telephone, or on the Internet. A disadvantage to survey research is that people sometimes respond in ways that they think is socially acceptable rather than to say what they honestly think and believe.

question

A way of measuring age that is defined as the number of years that have elapsed since birth.

answer

chronological age

question

The developmental issue (controversy) over whether development is influenced by biology or environment.

answer

nature-nurture issue

question

The developmental issue (controversy) over the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist throughout life or change.

answer

stability-change issue

question

The macrosystem is defined as the culture in which an individual lives. Which of the following would NOT be included in one's culture?

answer

eye color

question

Professor Weinstein teaches his life-span psychology students that each stage of development from birth to old age involves significant changes. Professor Weinstein is taking a(n): __________ approach.

answer

life-span

question

According to Jean Piaget, this stage is marked by the development of logical, organized reasoning skills.

answer

formal operational

question

A person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.

answer

socioeconomic status

question

Lynn Hasher and her colleagues (2001) found that age-related memory differences declined when __________ was taken into consideration.

answer

time of day

question

A researcher is interested in the effect of exercise on stamina in elderly patients. The patients are randomly assigned to be in a high-exercise or low-exercise training program for 8 weeks. At the end of the program, their stamina is measured by seeing how long they can walk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependent variable is:

answer

number of minutes on the treadmill

question

Thomas Hess and his colleagues (2003) found that age-related memory differences declined when __________ was taken into consideration.

answer

relevance of material

question

The concept of continuity is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

qualitative change.

question

Turner syndrome occurs in approximately ________ live births.

answer

1 in 2,500

question

Robert Plomin argues that nonshared environmental influences produce different personalities among siblings. Which of the following would be considered a nonshared environmental influence?

answer

peer groups

question

This is a prenatal medical procedure where high-frequency sound waves are directed into the women's abdomen.

answer

ultrasound sonography

question

Shakena is a 38-year-old single woman who works as a pharmaceutical representative. Although she would like to be married, there is no special person in her life right now. She would like to adopt a child. Recent changes in adoption regulations would mean that:

answer

she would be considered as a candidate for adopting a child.

question

For eyes, brown color is dominant and blue color is recessive. Maria carries two genes for brown eyes, and John carries two genes for blue eyes. Their child will have a:

answer

100% chance of having brown eyes.

question

Don and Ellie are trying to conceive a baby. How long should they wait before they suspect infertility?

answer

12 months

question

As the benefits of evolution decrease, the need for culture increases. Which of the following is NOT a culture-based resource for older adults?

answer

social support, medical technology, cognitive training and support

question

By definition, evolutionary psychology emphasizes the importance of:

answer

adaptive behavior.

question

Evolution takes place:

answer

over many generations.

question

A recessive gene can only assert itself when:

answer

both genes in a pair are recessive.

question

A psychological perspective that emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.

answer

evolutionary psychology

question

All of a person's genetic makeup.

answer

genotype

question

A prenatal test designed to assess whether a fetus is developing normally. With this procedure, high-frequency sound waves are directed into the women's abdomen. The echo from the sounds is transformed into a visual representation of the fetus's inner structures.

answer

ultrasound or ultrasound sonography

question

While Sally's mother was pregnant with her, she smoked and drank alcohol which adversely effected Sally's lung development. After Sally was born, she was placed into an environment with two parents who smoked. As Sally continued to develop, she was diagnosed with asthma, a breathing disorder. The development of this disorder could be explained by the concept of:

answer

the epigenetic view.

question

Sandra excels in reading and spelling but struggles with mathematics. She is shorter than her peers and was born without ovaries. Sandra most likely has:

answer

Turner syndrome.

question

Don and Ellie are trying to conceive a baby. How long should they wait before they suspect infertility?

answer

12 months

question

Maternal contraction of rubella (German measles) can lead to all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

autism.

question

The innovative prenatal care program Centering Pregnancy:

answer

provides prenatal care in group settings.

question

Which of the following statements about prenatal care is TRUE?

answer

Prenatal care includes classes and educational programs about pregnancy, Prenatal care may include information on breast feeding and bottle feeding, Prenatal care may include information on preparing for birth and infant care

question

The Apgar Scale uses which of the following measures?

answer

newborn's heart rate

question

Research suggests that mothers who drink more than 300 milligrams of caffeine a day increase their unborn baby's risk of:

answer

fetal death

question

Annabel drinks about two cups of brewed coffee a day. Her baby has an increased risk of:

answer

a low birth weight.

question

Giovanna was found to be Rh incompatible with her first child. To prevent her body from producing antibodies that will attack any future Rh-incompatible fetuses, her doctor gave her:

answer

RhoGAM.

question

Before delivery of her baby, Jawhara experiences several traumatic life changes. She separates from her husband, discovers that her mother is seriously ill, and begins a more stressful job. Will Jawhara's baby be significantly affected by all the stress in Jawhara's life?

answer

Yes, the baby will be at risk for ADHD and language delays

question

Linda's baby is about to be born. The baby's head is at the top of the uterus, and the baby's lower extremities are on the cervix. This situation is:

answer

called a breech position.

question

The second stage of childbirth begins with the _______ and ends with the _______.

answer

emergence of the child's head; delivery of the child out of the mother

question

The lack of ______ in maternal nutrition has been associated with neural tube defects in offspring.

answer

folic acid

question

Angelo is 7 years old and has been diagnosed with a learning disability. In addition, he often seems highly excitable and is impulsive. It is possible that Angelo's mother used _______ while pregnant.

answer

cocaine

question

Yan Yan is 17, a moderate drinker, and pregnant. Research would suggest that her child may:

answer

have a preterm birth.

question

The process by which the uterus returns to its prepregnant size 5 to 6 weeks after birth.

answer

involution

question

This French obstetrician developed the prepared childbirth method.

answer

Ferdinand Lamaze

question

This is one of the life-support systems of the embryo. It is a bag or envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats.

answer

amnion

question

Sarah is a 20-year-old college student who is paralyzed from her waist down. She can walk with difficulty with crutches but prefers her wheelchair. Sarah tells you that her condition is due to a birth defect. Which of the following birth defects did Sarah MOST likely have?

answer

spina bifida

question

Sylvia has severe cystic acne and is taking Accutane, a drug prescribed by her doctor. She has just discovered that she is pregnant. Her doctor told her that she should:

answer

stop taking Accutane immediately.

question

Sidney is expecting her first child. She has just recently begun to feel kicking movements. Sidney is most likely in the ________ month of her pregnancy.

answer

4th

question

According to a recent study of more than 3,000 4- to 24-month-olds, which of the following statements about the nutritional status of babies in the United States is TRUE?

answer

By 15 months, French fries were the most common vegetable that babies ate.

question

At birth, the newborn's brain is about __________ of its adult weight.

answer

25%

question

A decreased responsiveness to a stimulus that has been repeatedly presented.

answer

habituation

question

The acronym "SIDS" stands for:

answer

sudden infant death syndrome.

question

The receiving of information from the surrounding environment is called __________.

answer

sensation

question

The theory that states that we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us is __________.

answer

ecological

question

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

answer

Following birth, some synaptic connections become strengthened and survive, whereas unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear.

question

Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is TRUE?

answer

REM sleep may promote the brain's development in infancy.

question

The experience of our world as a smooth episode is made possible by:

answer

intermodal perception.

question

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the hemispheric specialization of speech in the cerebral cortex of the brain?

answer

For most people, speech and grammar is localized in the left hemisphere, and the use of metaphor and humor is localized in the right hemisphere.

question

Briefly explain the cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns of development.

answer

The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the greatest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working its way down from top to bottom. The proximodistal pattern is the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

question

Marty is developing rapidly in her size and abilities to sit and stand. Many of the reflexes with which she was born are fading, but she is not yet able to climb or ride on riding toys. Marty is probably in the __________ of life.

answer

first year

question

Kai is 2 years old and weighs 30 pounds. She is __________ for her age.

answer

within the normal range

question

The cerebral cortex has two __________, and each half is further divided into the four __________.

answer

hemispheres; lobes

question

You are visiting Chile on your vacation. While you are there, you see a child on the side of the street begging for money and holding a sign that reads "Need money for food—malnourished." You look at the child and think that he looks normal; then you suddenly remember what you learned in a life-span development class and conclude that the child must have:

answer

kwashiorkor.

question

The ways that words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences in a language.

answer

Syntax

question

Behaviorists believe that language is:

answer

learned through reinforcement.

question

Ben's grandmother gives him a shirt that she knows he has been admiring. When he opens her gift, he smiles and says, "This is so sick; thanks Gram!!" Ben's grandmother does not know what he means by "sick." Obviously Ben and his grandmother do not share the same ideas about __________.

answer

semantics

question

"House tree could be learn fat left grass," Mary said. Mary has likely received brain damage to:

answer

Wernike's area.

question

Define Phonology.

answer

Rules governing the sound system of language, including the sounds that are used and how they may be combined.

question

Define Morphology.

answer

Rules governing the units of meaning involved in word formation

question

Define Syntax.

answer

Rules governing the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences.

question

Define Semantics.

answer

Rules governing the meaning of words and sentences.

question

Define pragmatics.

answer

Rules governing the appropriate use of language in different contexts.

question

According to Jean Piaget, this is the second substage of sensorimotor thought. This substage is apparent in children between about 1 month to 4 months of age. Two primary schemes are apparent. First, the infant repeats an action that was once associated with a reflex, but is now completely separated from its eliciting stimulus (e.g., sucking when no bottle or nipples are present). Second, after accidentally causing an interesting event with one's own body (e.g., kicking feet), the infant repeats the action many times.

answer

first habits and primary circular reactions

question

Which of the following statements regarding first words is NOT correct?

answer

Infants recognize their name by age 3 months.

question

List (in order) Jean Piaget's six substages of sensorimotor thought

answer

1. Simple Reflexes. 2. First habits and primary circular reactions. 3. Secondary Circular Reactions. 4. Coordination of secondary circular reactions. 5. Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, curiosity. 6. Internalization of schemes.

question

Antonio swings his arms while lying in his crib. One of his arms accidentally hits the mobile hanging above him. This causes the mobile to begin to move. Antonio continues to swing his arms but is unable to strike the mobile again. This is an example of a:

answer

primary circular reaction

question

Jean Piaget used detailed observation of his own children to develop his theory of:

answer

cognitive development.

question

Which of the following has been associated with children's vocabulary development?

answer

All of these.

question

Jean Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order cognitive system.

answer

organization

question

According to Jean Piaget, a scheme that is characterized by the infant attempting to reproduce a bodily event (e.g., kicking own feet) that initially occurred by chance.

answer

Primary circular reaction

question

A _______ is an internal sensory image or word that represents an event.

answer

symbol

question

Phonology is to __________ as morphology is to __________.

answer

sound; meaning

question

According to Jerome Kagan (2002, 2003), temperament:

answer

is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment.

question

This theorist was interested in individual differences in attachment and developed the observational measure called the Strange Situation in order to formulate and test his/her theories.

answer

Mary Ainsworth

question

Jerome Kagan's way of classifying temperament that focuses on the differences between a shy, timid child and a sociable, extraverted child.

answer

inhibition to the unfamiliar

question

Socialization that is bidirectional; that is, children socialize parents just as parents socialize children.

answer

reciprocal socialization

question

Daniel and Guadalupe are angry with one another because of differences in their spending habits. Guadalupe snaps at their daughter and sends her to her room even though the little girl is not misbehaving. According to Jay Belsky's description of family interactions, this situation is an example of:

answer

an indirect influence of the marital relationship on the child.

question

Which type of smiling occurs as a response to an external stimulus?

answer

social smiling

question

A type of "baby cry" that is characterized by a sudden appearance of loud crying without preliminary moaning followed by breath holding.

answer

Pain Cry

question

In the Strange Situation, Latoya basically ignored her mother, was not upset when she left the room, and did not seek her out when she returned. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Latoya as:

answer

insecure avoidant.

question

This theorist stressed the importance of "contact comfort" in the development of attachment between an infant and his or her caregiver.

answer

Harry Harlow

question

At what age does separation protest peak?

answer

15 months

question

A criticism of attachment theory is that:

answer

other factors may be more important to an infant's adaptations to life.

question

The ability to inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions.

answer

Emotional regulation

question

Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on:

answer

inhibition to the unfamiliar.

question

When parents select and attend to certain behaviors, initially demonstrating them for their child, then gradually turning over more of the responsibility for the behavior to the child, the parents are engaging in:

answer

scaffolding.

question

Kyoko and Jason are going to have a child. Statistically speaking, their child will most likely have a(n) _______ temperament.

answer

easy

question

In Central European countries, such as Hungary, teachers are developing exercises designed to improve:

answer

students' attention.

question

Sanjay and Ryan are 4-year-old friends. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although their level of activity often aggravates their parents, we know that this activity will:

answer

help the boys develop gross motor skills.

question

Developmentally appropriate practices at the kindergarten level are likely to be:

answer

child-centered.

question

Define and discuss one effect of myelination.

answer

Myelination is the process by which nerve cells become covered with a layer of fat cells. Myelination has the effect of increasing the speed and the efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system. Myelination is related to a number of abilities in children, including hand-eye coordination.

question

Myelination is important in development because:

answer

children cannot perform certain functions if the area of the brain controlling those functions is not myelinated.

question

What have been found to be the two most important contributors to height differences among children worldwide?

answer

ethnic origin and nutrition

question

Early childhood education curriculum design is at the center of a controversy between those who believe it should take a constructivist approach, and those who believe in the direct instruction approach. Lilian Katz argues that they are both overlooking children's:

answer

opportunity to actively construct knowledge

question

Which child will find the task of arranging objects in a precise pattern on a table most challenging?

answer

a 3-year-old

question

"My computer doesn't like me—it keeps eating my pictures," says Sarah. This is an example of _______.

answer

animism

question

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Vygotsky's theory?

answer

he overemphasized autonomy and self-discovered learning

question

An overwhelming worldwide health concern in the last decade has been death due to:

answer

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

question

The awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.

answer

Theory of Mind

question

A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development (ZPD) if:

answer

the task is more difficult than the child can do alone.

question

Briefly describe the characteristics of the Montessori and child-centered kindergarten approaches to early childhood education.

answer

In the Montessori approach, children are allowed considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities. They are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire. The teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director of learning. (b) Child-centered kindergarten education involves the whole child and includes concern for the child's physical, cognitive, and social development.

question

The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is known as _______.

answer

egocentrism

question

Parenting styles are a negotiation between:

answer

responsiveness and demands.

question

Play therapy is used for all of the following reasons:

answer

1. To allow the child to work of frustrations. 2. To analyze the child's conflicts. 3. To analyze the child's way of coping.

question

Research on peer pressure to conform to traditional gender roles suggests that:

answer

there is greater pressure for boys.

question

Katrina becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game, yelling, "You can't do that! You can't change rules!" Katrina is exhibiting which of the following types of moral reasoning?

answer

heteronomous morality

question

The primary social theories of gender include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

evolutionary psychology view.

question

According to Jean Piaget, this is the first stage of moral development. Children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world.

answer

heteronomous morality

question

According to Jean Piaget, this is the second stage of moral development. Children become aware that rules and laws are created by people.

answer

autonomous morality

question

List four characteristics that are generally associated with the firstborn child. Discuss what accounts for these differences.

answer

Firstborn children are more adult-oriented, helpful, conforming, and self-controlled than later-born children. They may also have more guilt, more anxiety, and more difficulty coping with life's stressors. Parents have higher expectations of firstborn children and place more pressure on them for achievement and responsibility.

question

Social cognitive theory provides several important principles to help us understand moral behavior of children. Which one of the following is NOT one of those principles?

answer

Punishment will always increase modeling of moral behavior.

question

Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky considered play to be valuable because:

answer

it advances the child's cognitive development.

question

The sense of self as being either male or female is known as:

answer

gender identity.

question

The term child maltreatment includes all of the following possibilities EXCEPT:

answer

tough love.

question

Research studies conducted in 2007 by UNICEF suggest that:

answer

in most cultures, men have a higher status and more power than women do.

question

What does a child get from peers that he or she typically cannot get from siblings?

answer

an idea of how the child compares with other children the same age

question

In general in the United States, African American and Latino family orientations DIFFER from white family orientations in that:

answer

the extended family plays a greater role in African American and Latino families.

question

Compared with earlier and later periods, middle age is influenced most by _________ factors.

answer

sociocultural

question

The average adult in middle adulthood __________ height and __________ weight.

answer

loses; gains

question

Larry is a normal 45-year-old male. Which of the following is Larry MOST likely to be experiencing?

answer

loss in sight and hearing

question

Forty-five-year-old Angie loves going to the symphony, but she has been complaining that lately the quality of the symphony is not as good as it was a few years ago. Angie may be experiencing the middle-age decline in her:

answer

sensitivity to high-pitched sounds.

question

Diabetes is to Latinos as __________ is to African Americans.

answer

high blood pressure

question

An adult in middle age will do most POORLY on which of the following tasks?

answer

hitting the brakes when the light turns red

question

Michelle is upset because she believes that her memory has been getting worse since she entered middle age. She finds it harder to remember a grocery list or telephone number, though she does not have difficulty with information she uses often, such as her address or Social Security number. Which of the following is probably TRUE about Michelle?

answer

Michelle is typical of middle-aged person in her ability to remember information.

question

Which of the following is TRUE of novices and experts?

answer

Experts process information more automatically than novices.

question

One reason that leisure is important in middle adulthood is that:

answer

it prepares middle-aged adults for retirement.

question

What percentage of Americans considers themselves to be religious?

answer

70%

question

In Erik Erikson's theory, adults strive for generativity to achieve a sense of _______.

answer

immortality

question

"I did it myyyyy way," the singer crooned. Which theory of adult development might this singer prefer?

answer

an individual variations theory

question

The _________ approach emphasizes life events and mediating factors to help explain individual development.

answer

contemporary life events

question

According to Costa and McCrae's study on adult personality development, in early adulthood _________ INCREASES.

answer

openness to experience

question

What are the two major forms of love?

answer

romantic and affectionate

question

Allan and Jan are a middle-aged couple going through a divorce. They have both agreed that divorce is the best solution for them. Which of the following is likely?

answer

Both Allen and Jan will be better able to use the divorce as a way to make positive changes in their lives than they could have several years ago.

question

In general, the situation of adult children living in their parents' home is MOST successful when:

answer

parents and children agree to treat one another as adults.

question

Ron and his sister, Sarah, are both in their mid-50s and have a close personal relationship. Most research on sibling relationships suggests that:

answer

they had a close relationship throughout childhood and early adulthood too.

question

Which of the following statements about intergenerational relations is TRUE?

answer

Intergenerational transmission of conduct disorder showed a higher connection for males than for females.

question

Roger is 35 years old and has been married for 9 years. According to national trends, with whom does he spend the most time?

answer

his wife's parents

question

Why is life expectancy for women longer than for men?

answer

Women engage in fewer high-risk behaviors.

question

The view that the oldest-old are physically deteriorated, mentally disabled, sad, and unproductive is:

answer

not true.

question

Which of the following tasks would the old-old have a difficult time successfully completing?

answer

completing a set number of tasks in a specific time

question

All of the following have been identified has ways in which the aging brain adapts EXCEPT:

answer

the brain becomes more lateralized.

question

Gisella has just returned from the doctor and was told she has cloudy areas in the lenses of her eyes. Gisella has:

answer

cataracts

question

Deterioration of the retina is called:

answer

macular degeneration.

question

What percentage of 75- to 79-year-olds have hearing difficulties?

answer

75%

question

Paul, age 76, turns the television volume up so that it is at an uncomfortable level for the rest of the family. When his son suggests that he may have a hearing problem, Paul says that he does not and that the volume is "just right." Paul's reaction to having a decline in his ability to hear it is:

answer

fairly common in older adults.

question

Sex education for elderly people has been found to:

answer

increase sexual activity among the elderly.

question

Loss of bone mass is associated with _______.

answer

osteoporosis

question

Which of the following is NOT a type of attention?

answer

focused

question

Remembering where you went on vacation last summer is an example of _______ memory.

answer

episodic

question

________ memory refers to facts we consciously know, and ________ memory refers to memory without conscious recollection.

answer

Explicit; implicit

question

Which of the following has been associated with cognitive decline?

answer

depression

question

Senior Odyssey is a 20-week program designed to:

answer

improve problem-solving skills in older adults.

question

One of the most common language difficulties that older adults experience is:

answer

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

question

Which of the following government policies contributed MOST to the increase in the number of Americans who retire?

answer

establishment of the Social Security system in 1935

question

Studies conducted in 2006 revealed that approximately _________ retired Americans return to work after they have retired.

answer

7 million

question

How many Americans over the age of 65 have Alzheimer disease?

answer

4½ million

question

Two factors that are associated with a lower risk of developing Parkinson disease are ________ and _______.

answer

taking ibuprofen; drinking coffee

question

Which of the following statements about emotions and older adults is NOT true?

answer

Older adults have more negative emotions than younger adults.

question

Life-span developmentalist Paul Baltes and his colleagues believe that successful aging is related to three main factors:

answer

selection, optimization, and compensation.

question

The model of selective optimization with compensation proposes that successful aging is related to three main factors. Which of these factors is based on the concept that, in old age, there is a reduced capacity and loss of functioning that mandate a reduction of performance in most domains of life?

answer

selection

question

Which of the following personality traits in the Big Five factors of personality is associated with mortality (an earlier death)?

answer

low conscientiousness

question

Research conducted by Robins and others (2002) on the self-esteem of different age groups is considered what type of research?

answer

cross-sectional

question

Older adults in which country reported the highest self-control over their lives in the 60s and 70s?

answer

Denmark

question

Over the past 15 years, the percentage of older people living in poverty has held steady at about _______.

answer

10%

question

Cohabitation is increasing among ________ and is expected to continue to increase. Cohabitation for this age group may be based on a need for companionship and a legal sharing of resources without finances being legally joined.

answer

older adults

question

Which of the following statements about older adults and sexuality is NOT true?

answer

Older couples emphasize sexual prowess over intimacy.

question

Maribel's mother needs more services to allow her to continue to live in her own home. Her daughter, Susan, contacts various agencies to line up a home health aid, transportation to medical appointments and Meals-On-Wheels. Susan is acting in the role of _______ for her mother.

answer

coordinator

question

list and explain 3 risk factors that could lead to drug use

answer

1. Family History 2. Family Instability 3. Drug Availability

question

explain the biological reasons that adolescents and young adults frequuently get less sleep than is necessary. How does lack of sleep effect overall functioning.

answer

1. Melatonin Levels change due to shifting physiology Lack of sleep -> 1. irritability 2. Cognitive Impairment 3. Hallucinations 4. Impaired Immune system 5. Impaired Moral Judgement

question

discuss the possible contributing factors for mental disorders in adolescents

answer

1. Depression 2. Substance Abuse 3. Traumatic experiences

question

what biological and socioeconomic factors influence an adolescents drive to purse a college education? How does this affect occupational attainment?

answer

1. Being Poor 2. IQ level 3. Attention level 4. Motivation 5. Social Norms and Values

question

discuss the 4 parenting styles and how they affect children?

answer

1. Authoritarian - Restrictive, Demand Obedience 2. Authoritative - Encourage independence, but set limits 3. Neglectful - Very uninvolved in children life 4. Indulgent - Involved but require few demands

question

decribe the social, biological, and economic factors that influence juvenile delinquency

answer

1. Peer Groups 2. Being Poor 3. Minority (Race) 4. Drugs 5. Poor motor skills/ mental disability

question

how important are habits obtained during the adolescent egocentrism stage in forming our lasting personality? why does this stage exsist?

answer

1. Habits formed in adolescence -> same as adulthood 2. Solodifies personal beliefs 3. Primative stage of development in all cultures 4. Evolutionary drive to adapt something to individual requirements 5. Adolescence struggle with identity.

question

form Marcia's 4 stages of identity formation, which stage best applies to you?

answer

1. Identity Achievement 2. Made a commitment to excel and prove parents wrong

question

briefly describe the characterisitics of each birth order.

answer

1. 1st borns -> More mature, ^ Self Control, more guilty & anxiety

question

how does having secure attachment in adolescence influence relationships outside of the family?

answer

1. Provides Individuals with the capacity to explore the social world confidentality 2. Imitate own experiences in peer setting.

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