question

lobes of the brain are named for the bones superficial to them and are part of the

answer

cerebrum

question

shallow depressions between folds on the surface of the brain are called

answer

sulci

question

in human brain anatomy, the term __ is synonymous with anterior

answer

rostral

question

primary brain vesicles in correct anterior to posterior order

answer

Prosencephalon Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon

question

neural tissue develops in the embryo from a portion of the

answer

ectoderm

question

primary vesicle from which the metencephalon arises is the

answer

rhombencephalon

question

opening of the neural tube that is closest to the future head is the

answer

cranial neuropore

question

arrange the five secondary vesicles in the correct anterior to posterior order

answer

Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon

question

which secondary brain vesicle forms the portion of the adult brain that includes the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

answer

Diencephalon

question

the portion of the adult brain that includes the cerebrum is derived from which secondary brain vesicle

answer

telencephalon

question

portion of the adult brain that includes the medulla oblongata is derived from which secondary brain vesicle

answer

myelencephalon

question

portion of the adult brain that includes the cerebral peduncles, superior colliculi, and inferior colliculi is derived from which secondary brain vesicle

answer

mesencephalon

question

clusters of gray matter that contain neuron cell bodies and lie within masses of white matter are the

answer

cerebral nuclei

question

the cerebral cortex consists of __ matter

answer

gray

question

which of the cranial meninges consists of dense irregular connective tissue in two layers (periosteal layer and the meningeal layer)

answer

dura mater

question

dural venous sinuses are areas where

answer

the meningeal and periosteal layers separate to form large blood filled spaces

question

the meninx composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers is the

answer

arachnoid mater

question

the meninx composed of a thin layer of delicate areolar connective tissue that follows every contour of the brain surface is the

answer

pia mater

question

horizontally oriented fold of dura mater that separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum is the

answer

tentorium cerebelli

question

the largest of the four dural septa, this large, sickle shaped vertical fold of dura mater separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres

answer

falx cerebri

question

sickle shaped vertical partition that divides the left and right cerebellar hemispheres is the

answer

falx cerebelli

question

a brain ventricle located in the cerebrum is the _ ventricle

answer

lateral

question

the brain ventricle located in the diencephalon is the _ venticle

answer

third

question

the brain ventricle located between the pons and the cerebellum is the _ ventricle

answer

fourth

question

the partition between the lateral ventricles is the

answer

septum pellucidum

question

what is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid

answer

CFS helps to promote mitosis within neuronal tissue

question

cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the

answer

choroid plexus

question

the amount of CSF within the brain at any given moment is approximately

answer

130 ml

question

excess CSF is removed from the subarachnoid space by

answer

arachnoid villi

question

list events in correct order for CSF flow in the CNS

answer

CSF is produced by the choroid plexus CSF flows through the cerebral aqueduct to the 4th ventricle CSF flows into the subarachnoid space CSF flows into the arachnoid villi CSF enters the blood

question

the blood brain barrier is made up of

answer

astrocyte perivascular feet and capillary endothelial cells

question

the blood brain barrier is reduced or missing from three locations in the brain. which is not one of these locations

answer

hypothalamus

question

the location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions is the

answer

cerebrum

question

major pathway of communication between the right and left hemisphere is the

answer

corpus callosum

question

most commonly, which cerebral hemisphere is responsible for controlling speech

answer

left

question

which of the five cerebral lobes is the one not visible on the surface of the brain

answer

insula

question

one function of the brains frontal lobe is

answer

verbal communication

question

portion of the brain involved primarily with vision is the

answer

occipital lobe

question

cerebral lateralization refers to the

answer

functional differences between the right and left hemispheres

question

the lobe that is immediately posterior to the central sulcus and that is involved in general sensory functions is the

answer

parietal lobe

question

lateral sulcus is superior to the

answer

temporal lobe

question

the primary gustatory cortex processes info about __ and is located in the __

answer

taste insula

question

the feet of the sensory homunculus are located

answer

medially on the post central gyrus

question

association areas

answer

integrate new sensory inputs with memories of past experiences

question

the gnostic area of the brain provides comprehensive understanding of a current activity. it is composed of portions of the

answer

parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes

question

a person with damage to the premotor cortex area that coordinates eye movements

answer

can understand the words but cannot follow the lines on the page

question

association tracts

answer

connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere

question

commissural tracts

answer

extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres

question

projection tracts

answer

link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord

question

the _ hemisphere is known for its involvement in categorization, symbolization, and analytical reasoning

answer

left

question

which skills are associated with the right hemisphere for most individuals

answer

visuospatial skills and music

question

which structures form the lentiform nucleus

answer

putamen and globus pallidus

question

paired, irregular masses of grey matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres, inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricle, are the

answer

cerebral nuclei

question

which nucleus stimulates the muscles to produce the pattern of arm and leg movements associated with walking

answer

caudate nucleus

question

which nucleus is part of the lentiform nucleus that controls muscular movement at the subconscious level

answer

putamen

question

This nucleus both excites and inhibits the activities of the thalamus to control and adjust muscle tone

answer

globus pallidus

question

following a head injury, a young woman frequently loses her temper and is often depressed and otherwise "moody". what part of the brain do you think has been damaged

answer

amygdaloid body

question

which part of the brain contains the epithalamus, hypothalamus, and the thalamus

answer

diencephalon

question

this portion of the brain forms part of the roof of the diencephalon and covers the third ventricle. its posterior portion houses the pineal gland and the habenular nuclei

answer

epithalamus

question

portion of the brain secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps to regulate the bodes circadian rhythm

answer

pineal gland

question

which structure plays a crucial role in filtering out the irrelevant noise at a crowded party so that you can listen to someone speaking to you

answer

thalamus

question

which structure serves as the main relay point for sensory info that is headed to a primary sensory region of the cerebral cortex

answer

thalamus

question

a football player can hear his coach's voice above the noise of the crowd and can sense an opponent about to run him down. These abilities are due to the action of what part of the brain

answer

thalamus

question

the brain region that exerts significant control over the endocrine system is the

answer

hypothalamus

question

the sleep wake cycle and the sex drive are both regulated by the

answer

hypothalamus

question

the tectal plate is part of the what portion of the brain

answer

brainstem

question

as motor tracts descend to the brainstem they become the anterolateral surfaces of the midbrain known as the

answer

cerebral peduncles

question

the superior olivary complex is involved in detecting the

answer

location of a sound

question

which are the midbrain nuclei that produce dopamine, and thereby affect motor control

answer

substantia nigra

question

the superior colliculi help you respond to

answer

visual stimuli, for example, when you turn toward a bright flash of light

question

what portion of the brain contains the posterior part of the fourth ventricle

answer

medulla oblongata

question

axons of the corticospinal tract cross the brainstem at the

answer

decussation of the pyramids in the medulla oblongata

question

the vasomotor center is an important regulator of _ and is located in the _

answer

blood pressure medulla oblongata

question

the numerous folds of the cerebellar cortex are called

answer

folia

question

which part of the brain contains the arbor vitae

answer

cerebellum

question

the middle cerebral peduncles connect the cerebellum to the

answer

pons

question

portion of the brain ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements

answer

cerebellum

question

which portion of the brain adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain equilibrium and posture

answer

cerebellum

question

the __ is composed of multiple structures that collaboratively process and experience emotions

answer

limbic system

question

the limbic system allows

answer

processing and experiencing of emotion

question

the part of the limbic system involved in storing memories and forming long term memory is the

answer

hippocampus

question

during a mugging, a person experiences an extreme level of fear. What portion of the limbic system is responsible for this and other emotional states

answer

amygdaloid body

question

what is the name of the brainstem sensory area that contains axons that project to the cerebral cortex to arouse us from sleep

answer

reticular activating system

question

damage to which lobe of the brain has been most frequently associated with personality abnormalities

answer

frontal

question

cognition is generally thought to be governed by

answer

association areas of the cerebrum

question

the advances in higher order brain functioning that happen from birth to age five correlate with

answer

an increase in total brain size and complexity

question

a memory that has lasted over a weekend is described as

answer

long term memory

question

formation of new memories involves the _, and storage of long term memories primarily involves the _

answer

hippocampus association areas of the cerebrum

question

your memories of the sights and sounds of your elementary school are probably stored in

answer

association cortex areas of your cerebrum

question

interpretation of emotion is governed by the _, and expression of emotion is governed by the _

answer

limbic system prefrontal cortex

question

what is the most anterior cranial nerve

answer

olfactory

question

a patient visits her doctor and explains that since being hit on the cheek with a hockey puck she has been suffering from dry eyes and a dry mouth. its apparent to the doctor that since both lacrimal secretion and salivary secretion are affected, there may be damage to the _ nerve

answer

facial

question

what cranial nerve is composed of only motor fibers

answer

VI

question

the cranial nerve responsible for movement of the medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles is the _ nerve

answer

oculomotor

question

cranial nerve that innervates smooth muscle and glands of the heart, lungs, larynx, trachea, and most abdominal organs is the _ nerve

answer

vagus

question

cranial nerve that passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone is the _ nerve

answer

olfactory

question

bell palsy is a condition characterized by the paralysis of facial muscles, eyelid droop, and sagging at the corners of the mouth. What nerve is affected in this condition

answer

facial

question

correct order for the parts of the spinal cord, from superior to inferior

answer

cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccygeal

question

a typical spinal cord in an adult is

answer

16-18 inches long

question

in adults, the spinal cord is a different length than the vertebral canal, and most of the lumbar part of the spinal cord is within

answer

thoracic vertebrae

question

the inferior tip of the spinal cord is the _ part

answer

coccygeal

question

what is the thin strand of pia mater that helps to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx

answer

filum terminale

question

the spinal cord part with the largest diameter is the _ part

answer

cervical

question

the tapered, conical inferior end of the spinal cord is called the conus

answer

medullaris

question

each side of the spinal cord gives rise to _ cervical nerves

answer

eight

question

the most inferior spinal nerve is

answer

Co1

question

what statement accurately describes spinal nerves

answer

each spinal nerve is mixed in that it contains some sensory axons and some motor axons

question

what space associated with the spinal cord meninges contains areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue

answer

epidural space

question

what space associated with the spinal cord meninges contains cerebrospinal fluid

answer

subarachnoid space

question

in a lumbar puncture (spinal tap), fluid is extracted from the

answer

subarachnoid space

question

the most delicate of the meninges consists of elastic and collagen fibers and is known as the

answer

pia mater

question

posterior horns of the spinal cord contain

answer

axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons

question

the lateral horns of the spinal cord contain

answer

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

question

the structure contains unmyelinated axons and serves as a communication route between the right and left sides of the gray matter in the spinal cord

answer

gray commissure

question

nuclei within the gray matter of the spinal cord that receive info from sensory receptors such as pain or pressure receptors in the skin are _ nuclei

answer

somatic sensory

question

the _ nuclei within the gray matter of the spinal cord send nerve impulses to skeletal muscles

answer

somatic motor

question

these nuclei are located in the lateral horns and innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

answer

autonomic motor nuclei

question

in sum, there are _ pairs of spinal nerves

answer

31

question

large section of spinal white matter that is found between the posterior gray horns is known as the posterior

answer

funiculus

question

what accurately compares sections of spinal white matter

answer

a fasciculus is smaller than a funiculus

question

a conduction pathway consists of a

answer

tract and a nucleus

question

what accurately describes sensory and motor pathways

answer

sensory pathways terminate in the brain, and motor pathways terminate at effectors

question

since most pathways decussate, each side of the brain processes info from the _ side of the body

answer

contralateral

question

_ pathways have peripheral primary neurons and central secondary and tertiary neurons

answer

sensory

question

neurons of the thalamus that are part of the sensory conduction pathways are considered

answer

tertiary neurons

question

info about temp, propioception and pressure from skin, joints, and muscles is conveyed by

answer

somatosensory pathways

question

axons of primary sensory neurons make synaptic connections with

answer

secondary neurons in the CNS

question

the fascicles cuneatus is part of the

answer

posterior funiculus- medial lemniscal pathway

question

the medial lemniscus is

answer

white matter in the brainstem that conducts info about proprioception and touch

question

info about pain and temp is conveyed to the brain by way of the

answer

anterolateral pathway

question

anterior spinocerebellar tract conducts signals about

answer

proprioception from the lower limbs

question

neurons that directly innervate skeletal muscles are called

answer

lower motor neurons

question

function of upper motor neurons is to

answer

excite or inhibit lower motor neurons

question

the direct motor pathway originates in the

answer

motor cortex of the cerebral cortex

question

the lateral corticospinal tracts include a _ of the upper motor neuron axons that pass through the medulla, and they govern control of

answer

majority muscles used for finely controlled movements

question

axons of the corticobulbar tracts

answer

do not pass through the spinal cord, as they synapse with lower motor neurons in brainstem cranial nuclei

question

motor pathways are _ tracts that control _

answer

descending effectors

question

which of the rami is much smaller

answer

posterior ramus

question

what are not spinal nerve branches

answer

lateral rami

question

a posterior root contains

answer

sensory axons only

question

what structures is closest to the spinal cord

answer

posterior rootlets

question

the third cervical nerve exits the vertebral column through the

answer

intervertebral foramen between c2 and c3 vertebrae

question

second thoracic spinal nerve exits the spinal column through the

answer

intervertebral foramen between vertebrae t2 and t3

question

if a patient experiences numbness in the boundaries of a dermatome, it is suggestive of damage to

answer

a spinal nerve

question

posterior rams of a typical spinal nerve innervates the

answer

deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back

question

anterior rams of a typical spinal nerve innervates the

answer

anterior and lateral trunk and the limbs

question

a network rami of t1-t11 are called

answer

intercostal nerves

question

the plexuses that lie on either side of the neck are the _ plexuses

answer

cervical

question

if a person suffers a thorax-crushing injury and is unable to breathe properly, you would suspect that this nerve was damaged

answer

phrenic nerve

question

plexus that supplies the upper limbs is the _ plexus

answer

brachial

question

what list explains the components of the brachial plexus in correct order starting with the most medial

answer

rami trunks divisions cords

question

within the axilla, axons of the neurons are organized within

answer

three cords, posterior, medial, and lateral

question

nerve that innervates the deltoid muscle and receives sensory input from the superolateral lateral arm is the

answer

axillary nerve

question

following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has no sensations from the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and part of the ring finer. what nerve do you suspect to be damaged

answer

median nerve

question

following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has lost the ability to flex his elbow and supinate his forearm. what nerve do you suspect he has damaged

answer

radial nerve

question

a person suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome has lost function of the

answer

median nerve

question

two of the nerves of the lumbar plexus are the

answer

femoral and obturator nerves

question

nerve responsible for innervation of the quadriceps femurs muscle is the _ nerve

answer

femoral

question

the largest and longest nerve in the body is the _ nerve

answer

sciatic

question

this nerve helps to plant the foot and receives sensory signals from the skin of the sole

answer

tibial nerve

question

spinal nerves that give rise to sacral plexus are

answer

L4-S4

question

where the sciatic nerve splits, it branches directly to the

answer

tibial and common fibular nerves

question

reflexes are described as

answer

rapid and involuntary

question

correct order for the events that occur during a reflex

answer

stimulus activates a receptor impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS info is processed by interneurons motor neuron transmits impulse to effector effector responds

question

reflex arc in which both the receptor and effector organs of the reflex are on the same side of the spinal cord is

answer

ipsilateral

question

late one night you are leaving the science building during a snowstorm. as you approach your car your right foot suddenly slips on a patch of ice. your left leg immediately stiffens as you try to regain your balance. the reflex action you relied upon is an

answer

contralateral reflex

question

what type of reflex occurs with the smallest delay

answer

monosynaptic

question

simple knee jerk reflex is an example of an _ reflex

answer

monosynaptic

question

stepping of a piece of glass would most likely invoke a _ reflex

answer

withdrawal

question

if someone steps on a sharp object with their right foot it will lead to

answer

polysynaptic reflexes involving contraction of the right hamstring and left quadriceps

question

for many reflexes, including the stretch reflex, the excitation of a muscle leads to

answer

inhibition of motor neurons of its antagonist

question

golgi tendon reflex

answer

prevents skeletal muscles from tensing excessively

question

monosynaptic reflex that monitors and regulates skeletal muscles length is a _ reflex

answer

stretch

question

a diminished reflex response that may indicate damage to a segment of the spinal cord is an _ reflex

answer

hypoactive

question

clonus often accompanies a _ reflex after damage has occurred to the brain

answer

hyperactive

question

when the achilles tendon is tapped or the bottom of the foot is stroked, the reflexive response is that the foot

answer

plantar flexes

question

the embryonic feature that gives rise to the anterior and lateral horns of gray matter is the _ plate

answer

basal

question

adult spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain through the vertebral canal and ends at the level of the _ vertebra

answer

L1

question

nerves projecting inferiorly from the spinal cord are collectively called the

answer

cauda equina

question

the cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the

answer

posterior root ganglion

question

what spinal nerve counts is incorrect

answer

thoracic nerves= 8 pairs

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