question

Through citizen involvement, The United States has achieved all of the following EXCEPT

answer

a society with a high voter turnout

question

An intentional action by the government to achieve a goal is called

answer

public policy

question

In the 18th century, democracy was associated with

answer

mob rule

question

What ancient British legal principle holds that all people are equal before the law, all are subjected to it, and no one is above it?

answer

Rule of Law

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Which of the following in NOT part of the normal public policy process>

answer

Formulating a problem

question

The Founders drew on the ideas of the British political philosophers in perceiving the relationship between government and the governed as a social contract.

answer

Thomas Hobbes and John Locke

question

The form of government in which people govern themselves is called a

answer

direct democracy

question

A republic is a form a government in which power derives from

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the citizens but their representatives make policy and govern

question

James Madison argued that size and diversity were assets to our new nation because competing interests, called , would check one another.

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Factions

question

The vertical division of power in the Constitution is called

answer

Separation of Powers

question

The Constitutional division of power horizontally into layers between the national and state governments is known as

answer

federalism

question

The process by which competing interests determine who gets what, when, and how is called

answer

politics

question

When people have a fairly consistent set of views over a range of policy choices, they are said to have a(n

answer

political ideology

question

, on the left end of the political spectrum, favor(s) government efforts to increase equality, which includes higher taxes on the wealthy and greater provision of social benefits to support those in need.

answer

Liberals

question

, on the right end of the political spectrum, believe that lower taxes will prompt greater economic growth that will ultimately benefit everyone, including the poor.

answer

Conservatives

question

Which political ideology would normally support government interference that creates rules that favor traditional moral values when dealing with social issues?

answer

Conservatives

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The United States tends to favor , an economic system in which business enterprises and key industries are privately owned.

answer

capitalism

question

In the 1960s, the political scientist Robert Dahl argues that policy making has a(n) , basis, with authority held by different areas.

answer

pluralists

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In a modern democracy, a sets forth the basic rules and procedures for how the people shall be governed, including the powers and structure of the government, as well as the rights retained by the people.

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constitution

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By the late eighteenth century, British subjects believes that the British constitution guaranteed them certain rights, including the right to be tried by a jury of their peers and

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the right not to be taxed without their consent

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Britain would repeal the Stamp Act in 1766 and replace it with the , which would then impose taxes on various imports.

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Townshend Acts

question

The Coercive Acts

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gave the royal governor the right to select the upper house of the Massachusetts legislature

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acted as the common government of the states between 1775 and 1785

answer

The Second Continental Congress

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The Declaration of Independence listed grievances against , including the suspension of popularity elected colonial legislatures, taxing without representation, and trials without juries.

answer

King George the third

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Due to the fear of a powerful central government, the Articles of Confederation emphasized over order.

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freedom of national authority

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Some of the issues that confronted the delegates to the Philadelphia convention included several areas if compromise, including

answer

large states versus small state representation

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The Plan proposed a strong central government that could act without the states acting as intermediates, a two chamber legislative branch, a national judiciary, and a council of revision.

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Virginia

question

The Plan, would have strengthened the articles by allowing Congress the authority to regulate commerce, create a national executive chosen by the legislature, and a national judiciary chosen by the executive.

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New Jersey

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Under the Connecticut Compromise

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The house of Representatives would be proportional to population, but the Senate would represent state equality.

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Under the , states were granted extra representation in the House based on the number if slaves they held.

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three-fifths compromise

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The Framers did not trust the people, so the created these two important gates against popular influence:

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The election of president and the election of the Senate

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What vote is necessary for Congress to override a presidential veto?

answer

Two-thirds of each chamber

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The sole power of impeachment belongs to

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The House of Representatives

question

Federal judges are appointed for a term of "good Behaviour," which means that they hold their seats for

answer

life

question

In the historical case Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court first exercised its authority to strike down laws passed by Congress if they violate the Constitution, which is known as

answer

Judicial Review

question

Although not expressly given, implied powers were those given by

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the necessary and proper clause

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The primary reason that the framers chose to unify the country was that

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unions allow for larger states to dominate

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In a , independent states grant powers to a national government.

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confederal system

question

In a virtually all power goes to the national government.

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unitary system

question

A system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between the national and state government is known as

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federalism

question

Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution details the powers of Congress.

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enumerated

question

The necessary and proper clause gives Congress the power to pass laws that are related to the powers

answer

enumerated

question

the writ of protects the right of individuals who have been arrested and jailed to go before a judge who determines if their imprisonments is legal.

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Habeas Corpus

question

The Constitution prohibits the state governments from doing all but which of the following?

answer

Professional Licensing

question

The Bill of Rights originally applied to

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the national government only

question

The clause makes the Constitution of the United States, plus all laws and treaties made under the Constitution, superior to state law.

answer

supremacy

question

The , as part of the Constitution under article 1, Section 8, establishes Congress's exclusive authority to regulate commerce among the states.

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commerce clasue

question

Under current U.S. law, if a heterosexual couple is married in Las Vegas, they are married in all 50 states due to the clause of the Constitution.

answer

Full Faith and Credit

question

In what Supreme Court decision was the right of Congress to create a bank upheld?

answer

McCulloch v. Maryland

question

In , it was determines that although Congress could prevent states from denying equality, it could not prevent businesses from doing the same thing.

answer

the Civil Rights Cases

question

federalism recognizes that, while the national government is supreme in some spheres, the state governments remain supreme in others, with layers of authority separate from one another, an arrangement that political scientists compared to a "layer cake."

answer

Dual

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Over time, the Supreme Court's definition of what constituted interstate commerce grew to include

answer

anything that affected interstate commerce

question

President Reagan cut back on categorical grants and replaced them with grants, which are more flexible and set fewer restrictions on how the states could use the money.

answer

block

question

Federal judges are nominated by and confirmed by .

answer

The president; the senate

question

Those rights that are so fundamental that they are outside the authority of government to regulate, are known as

answer

civil liberties

question

The consist of the first ten amendments to the Constitution.

answer

Bill of rights

question

If a majority wishes to abridge rights, it often falls , which is not designed to be responsive to public desires, to protect those rights.

answer

judiciary

question

In a World War 1 speech case, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote that speech was not absolute, such as a person does not have the right to falsely shout in a crowded theater.

answer

fire

question

Too much order can lead to , a state in which the people are not free to make decisions about the private aspects of their lives.

answer

tyranny

question

The courts have consistently ruled that speech codes

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violate the First Amendment

question

The Supreme court applied the provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states through the process of

answer

incorporation

question

During times of war, the government's increased concern for order and citizen's increased concerns about security generally result in civil liberties being

answer

limited

question

The Supreme Court has ruled that Congress must authorize hearings to determine the legality of the detention of even foreign enemy combatants, and such hearings must be consistent with the , an international treaty that protects the rights of prisoners of war

answer

Geneva Conventions

question

In 2013, Edward Snowden revealed classified documents detailing

answer

That the NSA was keeping records of every phone call made in the United States

question

In the 1960s, the Supreme Court ruled that certain types of nonverbal activities, such as flag burning or students wearing black armbands to school, were protected under the First Amendment as

answer

symbolic speech

question

In 1971, the Supreme Court created the test to determine if a challenged law violates the establishment clause.

answer

Lemon

question

In 2014, the Supreme Court found that the content of a cell phone is police search.

answer

not exempt from

question

In Miranda v. Arizona, the Court declared that the right against self-incrimination enshrined in the Fifth Amendment applied regardless of whether there was or not.

answer

coercion

question

In Gideon v. Wainwright the court ruled that all criminals were afforded the right to

answer

counsel

question

The sixth amendment gives the right to a trial by a/n jury.

answer

impartial

question

If acquitted by a jury, the clause ensures that the accused cannot be tried for the same crime again.

answer

double jeopardy

question

The Constitutional right inferred by the Court that has been used to protect unlisted rights, such as reproductive rights, is known as the

answer

right to privacy

question

are rights related to the duties of citizenship and the opportunities for participation in civic life that the government is obliged to protect.

answer

Civil Rights

question

According to the text, the most important right is the right to

answer

vote

question

The actions of the southern state governments during the period of segregation, such as denying African Americans the right to vote or use public restrooms, are examples of

answer

public discrimination

question

The expectation that citizens may not be discriminated against and should have an equal chance to succeed in life is called equality of

answer

opportunity

question

In Dred Scott v. Sanford, the Court ruled that not only could congress NOT ban slavery in the territories, but that blacks were not

answer

citizens

question

Slavery is prohibited in of the U.S. Constitution.

answer

the Thirteenth Amendment

question

Full-Fledged membership in a nation is called

answer

citizenship

question

Native Americans born on reservations did not receive natural-born citizen status until the passage of the

answer

Indian Citizenship act

question

The period after the Civil War, when the former Confederate states gained readmission to the Union and the federal government passed laws to help emancipated slaves, is known as

answer

Reconstruction

question

The Amendment, in addition to guaranteeing that no state shall deny any person due process of law, also prohibits states from denying any person the equal protection of the law.

answer

Fourteenth

question

All of the following acts of discrimination were legal at some point point U.S. history EXCEPT

answer

New York allowed unwed fathers to block the adoption of their children but not unwed mothers.

question

The courts have ruled that private discrimination is permissible unless it involves significant action.

answer

state

question

The Court has created three standards of review to determine if a law is discriminatory. The toughest of these standards is

answer

strict scrutiny

question

In the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education, the court ruled that segregated schools violated the clause.

answer

equal protection

question

President John F. Kennedy has to send 25,000 federal troops to ensure the enrollment of one black James Meredith, at in 1962

answer

the University of Mississippi

question

The Court reviews laws that discriminate against legal immigrants using strict scrutiny. However, it only reviews laws that discriminate against undocumented workers under the standard.

answer

rational-basis

question

The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act overturned the Supreme Courts ruing in

answer

Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.

question

In , the supreme court declared that states could not prohibit sexual activity between people of the same sex, reversing a 1986 decision that asserted homosexual activity was not a fundamental right.

answer

Lawrence v. Texas

question

The primary way that the electorate expresses its opinion is through

answer

voting

question

is (are) the aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs about certain issues or officials.

answer

Public opinion

question

is the extent people believe their actions affect the course of government

answer

Efficacy

question

is the extent to which people believe the government acts in their best interest.

answer

Political trust

question

is a method of selection that gives everyone who might be selected to participate in a poll an equal chance to be included.

answer

Random Sampling

question

The statistical range, with a given probability, that takes random error into account is called

answer

confidence interval

question

The psychological attachment that a person feels to a political party is called

answer

Party Identification

question

Liberals tend to be and conservatives tend to be .

answer

Democrats; Republicans

question

The measurement of how ideologically coherent individuals are in their political evaluations is called

answer

levels of conceptualization

question

A condition in which differences between parties and/or the public are so extreme that disagreement breaks out, fueling attacks and controversy, is

answer

polarization

question

Since most people cannot directly observe political events, they rely on for information about politics and government.

answer

Mass Media

question

At the heart of a democracy lies the ability of the press to inform the people free from government interference. This demonstrates its role as

answer

Watchdog

question

Which Amendment to the constitution protects the freedom of the press?

answer

First

question

Which mass media task is demonstrated when a news story covers a political campaign by explaining a candidates previous experience, his or her personal temperament, and his or her view on important issues?

answer

informing

question

Any effort to monopolize the press or curtail its freedom is met with strong protests from those fearing a trend toward rule.

answer

authoritarian

question

is news with fewer hard facts, more emphasis on personal stories that engage (or shock) the public, and often appeals to the emotions rather the intellect.

answer

Infotainment

question

The model argues that the press serves the interests of government only.

answer

propaganda

question

In a process known as , people secure information from sources that agree with them, leading to the reinforcement if beliefs, not to change of beliefs.

answer

selective exposure

question

While not overstating the power of the media, the model acknowledges that the press has a substantial impact in subtle ways.

answer

not-so-minimal effects

question

is the ability of the media to alter the public's view on an issue by presenting it in a particular way.

answer

Framing

question

A (n) forms when a person sees an opening or opportunity to create the for social, political, or economic purposes.

answer

proactive group

question

The First Amendment provides for the right , which is the cornerstone of interest groups.

answer

of association

question

The act of trying to persuade elected officials to adopt a specific policy change or to maintain the status quo is called

answer

lobbying

question

The membership of economic interest groups tends to be exclusive because

answer

their purpose is to secure tangible economic evidence for themselves.

question

The American Bar association (lawyers), the American Medical Association (doctors), and the American International Automobile Dealers Association (car dealers) are examples of

answer

professional associations

question

Trade associations form out of a belief that they can better influence the policy process

answer

collectively

question

In recent years private sector union membership has

answer

declined

question

According to the text, one of the best known organizations that seek to influence foreign policy is the

answer

American Israel Public Affairs Committee

question

There are three common pathways to becoming a Washington lobbyist: working on Capitol Hill, , or working on a political campaign.

answer

working in the executive branch

question

When lobbyists deal directly with legislators and their staff to seek specific policy or to stop one they are engaging in a(n) strategy.

answer

inside

question

Groups formed to raise and contribute funds to support electoral candidates, subject to campaign finance laws, are

answer

political action committees

question

What supreme court decision began the growth of PACS?

answer

Buckley v. Valeo

question

Given the amount of money that PACs spend on campaign support, many are concerned that

answer

Pacs exert a disproportionate influnce over legislators

question

In Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission, the court ruled that individuals, corporations, and unions can

answer

spend as much money as they want on campaign ads.

question

In McCutcheon et al. v. Federal Election Commission, the court expanded the right of a(n) to spend unlimited money on federal elections but not on one candidate

answer

individual

question

Robert Dahl uses the term to describe his view of democratic society in which interest groups will compete over policy goals, and elected officials are mediators of group conflict.

answer

pluralists

question

The relationship between interest groups, members of Congress, and federal agencies is referred to be scholars as the

answer

iron triangle

question

Movement of members of Congress, lobbyists, and executive branch employees into paid positions in each other's organizations is known as

answer

the revolving door

question

Over a hundred years ago, Robert Michels coined the phrase to describe when interest group leaders do not properly serve their members, and argues that larger interest groups were especially susceptible to unresponsive or abusive leaderships.

answer

iron law of oligarchy

question

When a group lobbies for public goods or collective benefits that are so widespread that members and nonmembers alike receive them, incentives to join the group disappear. Olson called this the

answer

free rider program

question

Political parties provide a key function in American politics by providing voters with a mechanism in which to

answer

hold government accountable

question

The main purpose of a political party is to in order to control government and implement its policies.

answer

win elections

question

Classic political scientists, such as V.O. Key, use the term to describe the general patterns of voters' party identification and their behavior on election day.

answer

party in the electorate

question

An attachment or allegiance to a political party is referred to as

answer

party identification

question

One manner in which political parties select candidates when more than one person is seeking the office is to hold a(n)

answer

primary election

question

The state of Oklahoma, as well as several others, has a closed primary. This means that voters must

answer

affiliate with a political party

question

A(n) primary is one in which voters do not have to affiliate with a party before voting. Instead, voters are given ballots with each party's list of candidates; they can chose which ballot use but are restricted to voting for only one party's set of nominees.

answer

open

question

Initially the idea of was not intended to be part of the makeup of the U.S. political system.

answer

political parties

question

James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, writing in Federalist n=10 and 51, predicted the rise of , groups of individuals who share a common political goal and ally with each other on a temporary basis to accomplish that goal

answer

factions

question

After winning the election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson used his victory to transformation his fledgling political party into a viable, long-term organization known as the Part.

answer

Democratic-Republican

question

Parties used the patronage system as a way to

answer

build party loyalty

question

The nature of a single-member plurality system in the United States encourages a party system.

answer

two-

question

The median voter theorem suggests that all things being equal, if voters select candidates based upon ideology, the

answer

party closer to the middle wins

question

From 1832 to 1856, the Dominated American politics and presidential elections.

answer

Democratic and Whigs

question

What type of vote requires ti win more than any other candidate?

answer

Plurality votes

question

was given credit for forcing the two major party candidates in 1992, President George H. W. Bush and Governor Bill Clinton, to address the federal deficit

answer

Ross Perot

question

There are several ways that the two major parties restrict third party access, including challenging signatures for ballot access and preventing

answer

them from participating in presidential debates

question

When voters identify with a party in repeated elections, it is referred to as

answer

party alignment

question

A set of consistent political views about the way government should work is referred to as

answer

political ideology

question

The constitutional requirements regarding elections indicate that the Framers wanted to set up barriers against

answer

direct democracy

question

According to the U.S. Constitution, only the was(were) to be elected directly by the people.

answer

House of Representatives

question

When political parties offer voters a clear choice through a distinct range of policies and programs, they are acting as

answer

responsible parties

question

How many electoral votes does each state get?

answer

Equal to the number of senators and members of the House of Representatives.

question

To win the presidency, a candidate needs to win electoral votes.

answer

270

question

If no candidate achieves a majority of electoral votes, the decides the outcome of the election

answer

House of Representatives

question

The Amendment combined the vote for president and vice president into one ballet, with the person running for each office named

answer

Twelfth

question

Depending on patterns of population growth or decline, states win or lose congressional seats with each new census. State legislatures are responsible for drawing the district lines, in a process known as

answer

resdistricting

question

Article 1, section 4 of the Constitution state, "The Time, Places, and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed . "

answer

in each State by the Legislature thereof

question

The staggering of senatorial elections helps to insulate senators from shifts in

answer

public sentiment

question

When political parties redraw district lines in order to benefit one political party over another, it is called

answer

gerrymandering

question

At the party convention, the is formally adopted, laying out the plan for government .

answer

party platform

question

Since the Courts ruling in McCutchein v. FEC, individuals have no limit on the they can contribute.

answer

number of campaigns to which

question

almost always win congressional elections.

answer

Incumbents

question

The model of participation sees risks in greater participation and, thus, favors a larger role in elites.

answer

Hamiltonian

question

The model holds that more participation yields a more involved and engaged public and that, in turn, produces better outcomes.

answer

Jeffersonian

question

Which amendment to the constitution granted women the right to vote?

answer

Nineteenth

question

While recent voter registration laws have intended to reduce voter fraud, they have has the consequences of .

answer

decreasing voter turnout

question

The tendency for women to support Democrats over Republicans is referred to as the

answer

gender gap

question

One of the strongest predictors of whether or not a person will vote is his/her .

answer

level of education

question

A congressional district that is deemed to be noncompetitive is said to be a(n) seat.

answer

safe

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