Question 1

____________ is the audience\'s perception of how believable a speaker is.

Accepted Answer

Credibility

Question 2

A speaker\'s credibility is affected above all by how the audience regards the speaker\'s

Accepted Answer

competence and character.

Question 3

____________ is the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.

Accepted Answer

Ethos

Question 4

Strong evidence can

Accepted Answer

enhance a speaker\'s credibility, increase both the immediate and long-term persuasiveness of a speech, and help inoculate listeners against counterpersuasion.

Question 5

true/false: No matter what kind of evidence you employ, it will be more persuasive if you state it in specific rather than general terms.

Accepted Answer

true

Question 6

true/false: Evidence is more likely to be persuasive if it is familiar to the audience.

Accepted Answer

false, Feedback: Evidence is more likely to be persuasive if it is new to the audience. Review \"Tips for Using Evidence.\"

Question 7

true/false: Pathos is the word Aristotle used to refer to a speaker\'s logical appeal.

Accepted Answer

false, Feedback: Aristotle used the word logos to refer to a speaker\'s logical appeal. He used pathos to refer to emotional appeal. Review \"Tips for Using Evidence.\"

Question 8

What kind of reasoning is used in the following statement? Over the past few years, there have been a number of cases of academic fraud in men\'s college basketball programs. We can conclude, therefore, that academic fraud is a widespread problem in men\'s college basketball.

Accepted Answer

reasoning from specific instances Feedback: Because it moves from particular facts to a general conclusion, this statement is an example of reasoning from specific instances. Review \"Reasoning from Specific Instances.\"

Question 9

What error in reasoning is exemplified in the following statement? I watched a Taiwanese film in class last week, and it was extremely violent. When I mentioned this to my friend, she said that she, too, had seen a violent Taiwanese film. Apparently all Taiwanese films are violent.

Accepted Answer

hasty generalization Feedback: This statement is an example of hasty generalization because it jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence. Review \"Reasoning from Specific Instances.\"

Question 10

true/false: Reasoning from principle involves moving from a specific principle to a general conclusion.

Accepted Answer

false, Feedback: Reasoning from principle involves moving from a general principle to a specific conclusion. Review \"Reasoning from Principle.\"

Question 11

What error in reasoning is exemplified in the following statement? I usually eat spaghetti for dinner the day before an exam, but I ran out of spaghetti the night before the calculus final. That\'s why I got a C.

Accepted Answer

false cause Feedback: This statement is an example of the error of false cause, in which the speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second.

Question 12

True/Fale: The fallacy of false cause is often known by its Latin name, post hoc, ergo propter hoc.

Accepted Answer

true, Feedback: The fallacy of false cause is often known by its Latin name, post hoc, ergo propter hoc, meaning \"after this, therefore because of this.\"

Question 13

What kind of reasoning is used in the following statement? Because the crime-reduction policy I propose has worked successfully in New York, Houston, and New Orleans, we can be confident that it will work here as well.

Accepted Answer

analogical reasoning Feedback: Because this statement infers that what is true for crime-reduction programs in New York, Houston, and New Orleans is also true for the case at hand, it is an example of analogical reasoning.

Question 14

According to your textbook, the most important question to ask when assessing analogical reasoning is whether

Accepted Answer

the two cases being compared are essentially alike.

Question 15

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? Either we install metal detectors in the city schools or we just let the problem of school violence continue to grow.

Accepted Answer

either-or Feedback: Because it forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist, this statement commits the either-or fallacy. Review \"Fallacies.\"

Question 16

The following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? How can we take my opponent\'s proposed education bill seriously? After all, he flunked out of high school.

Accepted Answer

ad hominem Feedback: Because this statement attacks the speaker\'s opponent personally, rather than dealing with the merits of his or her education bill, it commits the ad hominem fallacy. Review \"Fallacies.\"

Question 17

The following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? As we have seen, the trend is for companies to reduce long-term research and development costs in order to increase short-term profits. Since so many companies are doing this, it must make good business sense.

Accepted Answer

bandwagon Feedback: The bandwagon fallacy assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Question 18

The following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? How can we be so concerned about ethics in political campaigns when there are serious problems in the long-term stability of Social Security?

Accepted Answer

red herring Feedback: Because this statement introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion, it is an example of the red herring fallacy.

Question 19

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of which type of fallacy? Once we accept money from soft-drink companies for exclusive rights to sell their products in our high schools, it won\'t be long until businesses are deciding what courses should be taught and what teachers should be hired.

Accepted Answer

slippery slope Feedback: Because this statement assumes, without evidence, that taking the first step will lead inevitably to a series of disastrous later steps, it commits the slippery slope fallacy. Review \"Fallacies.\"

Question 20

true/false: Emotional appeal is often necessary when a speaker is trying to move an audience to action.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 21

true/false: In persuasive speaking, it is usually appropriate to substitute emotional appeals for evidence and reasoning.

Accepted Answer

false, Feedback: Even when using emotional appeals, you should build your persuasive speech on a firm foundation of facts and logic. Review \"Ethics and Emotional Appeal.\"

Question 22

Which of the following does your textbook recommend as a way to generate emotional appeal in a persuasive speech?  A) Use more denotative language to create an emotional response.  B) Let emotional appeal grow naturally out of the speech content.  C) Modify your body language to give your ideas emotional impact.

Accepted Answer

B) Let emotional appeal grow naturally out of the speech content.

Question 23

Identify and define the three types of credibility discussed in your textbook.

Accepted Answer

initial, derived, and terminal. Initial credibility is the credibility of the speaker before she or he starts to speak. Derived credibility is produced by everything the speaker says during the speech itself. Terminal credibility is the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech.

Question 24

What are three strategies discussed in your textbook for generating emotional appeal in a persuasive speech?

Accepted Answer

Use emotional language. Develop vivid examples. Speak with sincerity and conviction.

Question 25

define ethos

Accepted Answer

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

Question 26

define credibility

Accepted Answer

the audience\'s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

Question 27

define initial credibility

Accepted Answer

the credibility of a speaker before he or she starts to speak

Question 28

define derived credibility

Accepted Answer

the credibility of a speaker produced by everything he or she says and does during the speech

Question 29

define terminal credibility

Accepted Answer

the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech

Question 30

define creating common ground

Accepted Answer

a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience

Question 31

define evidence

Accepted Answer

supporting materials used to prove or disprove something

Question 32

define logos

Accepted Answer

the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker.

Question 33

the two major elements of logos are

Accepted Answer

evidence and reasoning

Question 34

define reasoning

Accepted Answer

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

Question 35

define reasoning from specific instances

Accepted Answer

reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

Question 36

define hasty generalization

Accepted Answer

an error in reasoning from specific instances, in which a speaker jumps so a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

Question 37

define reasoning from principle

Accepted Answer

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

Question 38

define causal reasoning

Accepted Answer

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

Question 39

define false cause

Accepted Answer

an error in causal reasoning in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second.

Question 40

false cause error is also known by its Latin name ____, meaning ___

Accepted Answer

post hoc, ergo propter hoc, meaning \"after this,\" therefore because of this

Question 41

define analogical reasoning

Accepted Answer

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

Question 42

define invalid analogy

Accepted Answer

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike

Question 43

define fallacy

Accepted Answer

an error in reasoning

Question 44

define red herring

Accepted Answer

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Question 45

define ad hominen

Accepted Answer

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

Question 46

define either-or

Accepted Answer

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

Question 47

define bandwagon

Accepted Answer

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desireable

Question 48

define slippery slope

Accepted Answer

a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

Question 49

define pathos

Accepted Answer

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal

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