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Evidence

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material used to support claims

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Simile

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a direct comparison that typically uses the word like or as to link two things

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Metaphor

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an implicit comparison of two different things that have something in common. Example: "A teacher is a guide."

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Creditably

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the perception that a person is informed and trustworthy. Listeners confer it, or refuse to confer it, on speakers.

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Extemporaneous

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a presentational style that includes preparation and practice but not memorization of words and nonverbal behaviors.

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Impromptu

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public speaking that invloves little preparation. Speakers think on their feet as they talk about ideas and positions with which they are familiar.

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Positive Visualization

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a technique of reducing speaking anxiety; a person visualizes herself or himself communicating effectively in progressively challenging speaking situations.

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Transition

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words and sentences that connect ideas and main points in a speech so that listeners can follow a speaker

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Formal Outline

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a complete outline of a speech, including the parts of a speech, main points, supporting material, transitions, and citations for sources

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Situational Communication Aprehension

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during certain times that are not unusual to have anxiety during, like giving a speech to a large crowd

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Chronic Communication Apprehension

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more difficult to manage when it is chronic, some people learn to fear commincation like someone would fear heights

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Survey Research

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research that involves asking a number of people about their opinions, preferences, actions, or beliefs relevant to a speaking topic

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Systematic Desensitization

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a method of reducing communication apprehension that teaches people how to relax as they imagine themselves in progressively difficult communication situations

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Visual Aid

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presentation of evidence by such visual means as charts, graphs, photographs, and physical objects to reinforce ideas presented verbally or to provide information

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Speech to Inform

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a speech the primary goal of which is to increase listeners' understanding, awareness, or knowledge of some topic

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Speech to Persaude

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a speech the primary goal of which is to change listeners' attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors or to motivate listeners to action

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What are the different types of audience analysis?

answer

Demographic Audience Analysis and Situational Audience Analysis

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What is Demographic Audience Analysis?

answer

identifies general features common to a group of listeners. Demographic characteristics include age, sex, religion, cultural heritage, race, occupation, political allegiances, and educational level. Demographic information is useful in two ways. First, demographic information can help you adopt your speech to your listeners. For example, if you know the age or age range of listeners, you know what expierences are likely to be part of their history. Second, speakers use demographic information to make inferences about listeners' likely beliefs, values, and attitudes. For example, assume you plan to give a speech on the general topic of health care reform. If your listeners' average age is 68, they are likely to be more interested in containment of drug costs and in reasonabe options for long-term care of older adults than in preventine care and vaccines for children.

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What is Situational Audience Analysis?

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this seeks information about listeners that relates directly to the speaker's topic and purpose. Situational audience analyis allows a speaker to discover what listeners already know and believe about a topic, speaker, and occasion so that the speaker can adapt to his or her listeners.

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What are the 3 overall speeches?

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Informative, Persuasive, Entertaining

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What is an informative speech?

answer

the primary goal is to increase listeners' understanding, awareness, or knowledge about some topic. When you speak to inform, your goal is to tell listeners' something they don't already know.

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What is a persuasive speech?

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the primary goal is to influence attitudes, change practices, alter beliefs, and to motivate action. A persuasive speaker argues for a cause, issue, policy, attitude, or action.

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What is an entertaining speech?

answer

the primary objective is to interest, amuse, or please listeners. We entertain by telling stories, building community, pass on history, and teach lessons.

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What is the difference in a general and specific purpose in a speech?

answer

A general purpose is like to inform, persuade, or entertain (the three main speeches) and a specific purpose in a speech is a behavioral objective or observable response that will indicate that you have been effective in achieving your communication goal.

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What is an example of a general purpose?

answer

to inform, to persuade, to entertain

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What is an example of a specific purpose?

answer

I want 25% of listeners to sign up to donate blood. I want listeners to know this candidate's stand on free trade.

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What are the different types of research can you do for your speech?

answer

Library and Online Research Personal Knowledge Interviews Surveys

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What are the pros and cons of online research?

answer

Pros: a lot of information is found on the internet, you can find information on your topic quickly on databases and reference works, libraries have indexes, which have several good sources of background information on experts you may cite in your speech Cons: online sources are not necessarily credible or reliable, anyone can post things online without a systematic procedure for checking the accuracy of the information, all the information you find online should be verified

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What are the pros and cons of using personal knowledge for research for a speech?

answer

listeners are likely to perceive you as more credible than someone who is not personally involved with the topic

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What are the pros and cons of using interviews for research for a speech?

answer

Pros: they allow you to gather information, to check the accuracy of ideas you have, and to understand the perspective of people who are experts or who have special expierence with your topic.

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What are the pros and cons of using surveys for research for a speech?

answer

invloves asking a number of people about their opinions, views, values, actions, or beliefs. Surveys are useful in two situations. First, sometimes there's no published researched on something important to your speech. Second, sometimes you can directly survey your listeners. This helps you find out what the listeners know. Cons: people filling out the survey might now always be telling the truth

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What are the 5 different types of evidence that you can use in a speech?

answer

Statistics Examples Comparison Quotations Visual Aids

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How should you use statistics as evidence in a speech?

answer

are numbers that summarize many individual cases or demonstrate relationships between phenomena. They can also enhance speaker credibility.

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How should you use examples as evidence in a speech?

answer

are single instances used to make a point, dramatize an idea, or personalize information.

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What are the four types of examples you can use as evidence in a speech?

answer

Detailed Undetailed Hypothetical Stories

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What is an undetailed example?

answer

brief references that quickly recount specific instances of something, can also be used to to remind listeners of information with which they're already familiar.

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What is a detailed example?

answer

provide more elaborate information than undetailed ones, so they are valuable when listeners are not familiar with an idea. Detailed examples create vivid pictures that can be moving and memorable.

question

What is a hypothetical example?

answer

are often used to portray average cases rather than to represent a single person or event. Not a real example, but it is realistic.

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What is a story example?

answer

speakers often tell a story to put a human face on abstract issues.

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How should you use comparison as evidence in a speech?

answer

are associations between two things that are similar in some important way or ways. Similies and metaphors are examples of comparisons.

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How should you use quotations as evidence in a speech?

answer

are exact citations of statements made by others. Speakers often use quotations to clarify ideas or to make them more credible.

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How should you use visual aids as evidence in a speech?

answer

they can increase listeners' understanding and retention of ideas presented in a speech and they also tend to increase listeners' interest in a presentation because they add variety to the message.

question

What are the 8 different organization patterns for speaking?

answer

The Time Pattern The Spacial Pattern The Topical Pattern The Star Pattern The Wave Pattern The Comparative Pattern The Problem-Solution Pattern The Cause-And-Effect and Effect-And-Cause Pattern

question

What is the time pattern?

answer

organize ideas on the basis of temporal relationships. This pattern is useful for processes that take place over time, explaining historical events, and tracing sequences of action.

question

What is the spacial pattern?

answer

organize ideas according to physical relationships. This structure is used for speeches that describe or explain layouts, geographic relationships, or connections between objects or parts of a system. Can be used to structure both informative and persuasive speeches.

question

What is the topical pattern?

answer

order a presentation into several categories, classes, or areas of discussion. This pattern is used when your topic breaks down into two or three areas that aren't related temporally, spatially, casually, or otherwise. Topical patterns can be used for informative (3 branches of government) or persuasive speeches.

question

What is the star pattern?

answer

is a particularly organic variation on the topical structure, yet in which each point is linked to an overriding theme. It has two or three points that a speaker covers in the same order and to the same extent each time the speech is given. With a star pattern, however, a speaker might start with different point and give more or less attention to specific points while speaking to different audiences. The most common uses of a star pattern is in political speeches.

question

What is the wave pattern?

answer

consists of repetition. Each wave, or main idea, builds up evidence and then crests in a main point. Ex: I had a dream speech

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What is the comparative pattern?

answer

compares two or more objects, people, situations, events, . or other phenomenon. This can be used in informative or persuasive speeches.

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What is the problem-solution pattern?

answer

this pattern divides a topic into two major areas: a problem and a solution. This structure can be used for informative speeches with thesis statements and persuasive speeches.

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What is the Cause-And-Effect and Effect-And-Cause pattern?

answer

this pattern is used to argue a direct relationship between two things: a cause and an effect. This pattern can be used for informative and persuasive speeches.

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What are the different elements of a speech?

answer

Sender Message Receiver Feedback Channel (or medium) Interference and situation

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What is the difference between written and oral communication?

answer

Oral style refers to speakers' visual, vocal, and verbal communication with listeners. Oral is usually more informal than written communication. Oral style tends to be more personal than written, and oral tends to be more immediate and more active than written.

question

What are the strategies for practicing your speech and the importance of using those prior to speaking?

answer

You should begin practicing your speech several days before you plan to deliver it. During practice, you should rely on the outline you will use when you actually deliver the speech. You should also practice with visual aids and any other materials you plan to use in your speech so that you are comfortable working with them. Practice alone at first to gain some confidence and you may also find it helpful to practice in front of a mirror to see how you look and to keep your eyes focused away from the outline. You can record yourself during practice so that you can see and hear yourself and make decisions about how to refine your delivery. Practice in front of others, ask friends to listen, and invite their feedback on ways you can refine the presentation. Do not rehearse too much.

question

How are speakers able to establish the ethical standards for their preparation and speaking?

answer

The materials need to be: Sufficient to achieve the speaking purpose Accurate, correct and complete, with sources cited, presented in its original context Relevant to the topic and claims made Timely, usually current or in some cases historically situated Free of biases, such as vested interests

question

What are the different ways a speaker can ask the audience to participate?

answer

Call for Participation Ask Rhetorical questions Poll Listeners Refer to specific listeners

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How should a speaker use a call for participation to get the audience to participate?

answer

bring something for the audience to try or hold in their hands

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How should a speaker use a rhetorical questions for participation to get the audience to participate?

answer

not a question to actually be answered, but it invites mental participation

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How should a speaker use polling listeners for participation to get the audience to participate?

answer

"How many of you have taken aderall this week?"

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How should a speaker use refering to specific listeners for participation to get the audience to participate?

answer

speak to or about specific members in your audience

question

What are the different types of informative speeches?

answer

Demonstration Instruction Description Explanation Briefing Reporting

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What is a demonstration informative speech?

answer

to show instructors how to construct a speech outline

question

What is an instruction informative speech?

answer

to teach listeners how to perform CPR

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What is a description informative speech?

answer

to describe the land and people of Nepal

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What is an explanation informative speech?

answer

to explain why or how hurricanes form

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What is a briefing informative speech?

answer

to summarize the results of a new marketing strategy

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What is a reporting informative speech?

answer

to provide detailed information on the results of a new marketing strategy

question

How should you choose a speech topic?

answer

Select a topic that matters to you because if you care about your topic then you have a head start in that you already know a fair amount about it. Personal interest in the topic will make your delivery more engaging and more dynamic. Select a topic that is appropriate to the speaking occasion; you should also consider the expectations, demands, and constraints of particular speaking situations. If possible, see the physcial setting that you will be speaking in and at what time of day. Select a topic appropriate to your audience so that the topic will appeal to the needs, interests, and situations of the listeners. Narrow your topic- this makes your speech more effective because it limits the speech to a manageable focus.

question

A speech has been compared to an enlarged _________?

answer

conversation

question

What does "an enlarged conversation" mean and why is this comparison important?

answer

This means that the skills of successful public speaking are not so different from those we use in everyday conversations. We make mistakes and stumble over words in conversation and speeches and in both cases it does not undercut our effectiveness.

question

How is speaking to inform different than speaking to persuade? What are the goals of each and how could you use them in your professional lives?

answer

When speaking to inform your goal is to tell listeners something they do not already now and when you are speaking to persuade your goal is to influence attitudes, change practices, alter beliefs, and to motivate action.

question

With speakers using more and more technology not only in presentations but also in research before presentations there have become many opportunities and problems. How should a speaker critically analyze resources they have discovered online and then use them in a speech setting?

answer

Ask the following questions: Is there enough evidence to support a claim? Is the evidence accurately presented? Does the evidence relate directly to the claim it is intended to support? Is the evidence appropriately timely-- (is evidence date occur when the topic happened) Is the evidence free of biases such as vested interest? Can you verify the material independently (by checking another source or consulting an expert?) Does the source have the experience, position, or other credentials to be an authority? Does the source hace any vested interest in making the claim or presenting the alleged information? Does the source aknowledge other sources, including ones that advance different points of view?

question

How should a speaker connect with and include the audience?

answer

Call for Participation- bring something for the audience to try or hold in their hands Ask Rhetorical questions- not a question to actually be answered, but it invites mental participation Poll Listeners- "How many of you have taken aderal this week?" Refer to specific listeners- speak to or about specific members in your audience

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