Jour 200 exam 1 study – Flashcards
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Journalism history 1450 - 1850
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1. 1450s - Gutenberg, moveable type 2. 1644 - Milton "Areopagitica" 3. The Age of Reason (also called the Enlightenment) shaped much of the 18th century with an appeal to reason and information 4. 1690 Publick Occurrences 5. 1735 John Peter Zenger a. Libel defense b. Power of state would be limited 6. 1791 Bill of Rights . First amendment a. Press freedoms 7. 1833 - First of the Penny Press . Benjamin Day a. New York Stun b. Penny Press i. Cheaper paper ii. Faster presses iii. Appeal to the common person 8. 1844 Telegraph
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Journalism history 1850 - 1899
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1. 1847 Frederick Douglass, The North Star 2. 1851 Henry Raymond, NY times, rise of professional journalists 3. 1876 Telephone 4. 1880 to 1910, rapid growth 5. 1880s to 1920s: Financial model shifts from selling the newspaper to selling the audience . Number of English-language newspaper in the United States 850 in 1880, 2200 in 1910 6. 1898 Yellow Journalism
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Journalism history 1900-1950
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1. 1900s Muckrakers 2. 1920s Radio grows 3. 1939 Commercial television 4. 1949 Public broadcasting 5. 1956 Four theories of the press was published . Libertarian a. Social responsibility b. Authoritarian c. Communist
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Journalism history 1950 - 2015
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1. 1963 Assassination of JFK TV news saturation 2. 1960s to 2000s - 40 years of news media profits, consolidation, corporate ownership 3. 1982 USA Today - Gannett chain . National circulation a. Graphic impact . weather page i. informational graphics 4. 1980s Networked personal computers 5. 1990s internet and web 6. 2000s smartphones and social networks 7. 2010s we'll see 8. Hutchins Commission (1947) . Criticisms of Press . sensationalism i. blurred line between advertising and news ii. concentration of ownership
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The Seven News Values
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Timeliness Impact Conflict Prominence Proximity Currency Novelty/Emotions
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T.O.P.C.H.I.P
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• T.O.P C.H.I.P T: Timeliness O: Oddity P: Prominence C: Conflict H: Human Interest I: Impact P: Proximity
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10 Elements of Journalism (Kovach and Rosenstiel)
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1. Truth 2. For the public 3. Verifiable 4. Independent from faction 5. Monitoring power 6. Should provide public forum 7. Engaging + relevant 8. News must be proportional and comprehensible 9. Responsive to the conscious of the journalist 10. Journalism is an extension of the rights and responsibilities when it comes to news
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Definitions of journalism (cont.)
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1. Journalism is a mirror comedy is a mirror, as well showing us who we are 2. Journalism is a watchdog to alert the owner that something's amiss "Society, wake up. Something fishy is going on" elected officials, congress, celebrities, industry, watergate 3. Journalism is a marketplace Journalism is a competition
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SPJ Code of Ethics 4 rules
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*Seek truth and reporting* Should be accurate and fair. Journalists should be honest and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information *Minimize Harm* Ethical journalism treats sources, subjects, colleagues and members of the public as human beings deserving of respect. *Act independently* The highest and primary obligation of ethical journalism is to serve the public. *Be accountable and transparent* Ethical journalism means taking responsibility for one's work and explaining one's decisions to the public.
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Ben Bradlee
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was executive editor of The Washington Post from 1968 to 1991. He became a national figure during the presidency of Richard Nixon, when he challenged the federal government over the right to publish the Pentagon Papers and oversaw the publication of Bob Woodward's and Carl Bernstein's stories documenting the Watergate scandal. At his death he held the title of vice president at-large of the Post.
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Janet Cooke
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She won a Pulitzer Prize in 1981 for an article written for The Washington Post, but the story was later discovered to have been fabricated.
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Katharine Graham
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She led her family's newspaper, The Washington Post, for more than two decades, overseeing its most famous period, the Watergatecoverage that eventually led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon. Her memoir, Personal History, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1998.
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Thomas Paine
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Published first news pamphlet, Common sense, argued that citizens deserve to know more, sensationalized British failure to incite revolution,
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Daniel Ellsberg
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precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of U.S. government decision-making in relation to the Vietnam War, to The New York Timesand other newspapers.
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Samuel Adams
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Public Occurrences", fabricated and stretched the truth about British occupying forces and trumped up the wrongdoings of these forces.
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Nut Graf
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Summary explanation ♣ provides news context ♣ answers "so what" ♣ answers "why am I reading this now"
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How do technology and philosophy determine how stories are told
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Influence of technology - speed and shape of the message Philosophy of liberty - context and interpretation of the message
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DEFINITION OF JOURNALISM
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o Journalism is a set of transparent, independent procedures aimed at gathering, verifying and reporting truthful information of consequence to citizens in democracy. ♣ Journalism is a system people use to get information about their societies
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5 steps of verification
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o Don't add anything that wasn't there o Watch how you select information (Do not deceive) o Depend on your original reporting o Exercising humility o Be transparent in your methods
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Media ownership
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In U.S: companies are privately owned, in other countries: they are publicly owned
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Open Meetings/Freedom of Information
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Allow access by the general public to data held by national governments.
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Ethics
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Refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues and to the study and development of one's ethical standards. As mentioned above, feelings, laws, and social norms can deviate from what is ethical. So it is necessary to constantly examine one's standards to ensure that they are reasonable and well-founded.
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Morality
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A code of conduct. Can relate to a small group or a universal code of conduct that everyone should use.
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Ethical Theory
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Generally speaking, there are three categories or approaches to ethics: Deontology focuses on duties or rules, Teleology focuses on consequences, and Virtue Ethics focuses on development of moral character.
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Prior Restraint
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Government prohibition of speech in advance of publication
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Sedition
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Crime of revolting or inciting revolt against government. Under First Amendment doctrine it is quite rare, but sedition remains in the United States Criminal Code.
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Defamation
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Any intentional false communication, either written or spoken, that harms a person's reputation; decreases the respect, regard or confidence in which a person is held; or induces disparaging, hostile or disagreeable opinions or feelings against a person.
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Libel
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Written or broadcast defamation. A false statement that damages a person's reputation.
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Intrusion
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Intentionally intruding, physically or otherwise, upon another's personal seclusion or solitude or another person's private affairs
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Publication of Private Facts
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The publication of information about someone' spersonal life that has not been previously revealed to the public, is not a matter of public concern, and the publication would be offensive to a reasonable person.
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False Light Invasion of Privacy
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Giving publicity to a matter concerning another person that portrays that person falsely if the portrayal would be highly offensive to a reasonable person.
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Appropriation
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The use of one's name or likeness for personal or commercial gain without consent or compensation.
