Psychology Ch. 15 Answers - Flashcards

Q: During midlife, most adults begin to

experience life-threatening health episodesâif not in themselves, then in their partners and friends.

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Middle adulthood is

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a contemporary phenomenon, basically nonexistent before the twentieth century.

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During midlife, most adults begin to

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experience life-threatening health episodes—if not in themselves, then in their partners and friends.

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John has an eye condition. Its name literally means "old eyes." John has

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presbyopia.

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Yellowing of the lens and increasing density of the vitreous causes __________ and __________.

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increased sensitivity to lights; limits color discrimination

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Which of the following is an example of a neural change in vision?

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loss of rods and cones in the retina

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Glaucoma

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typically progresses without noticeable symptoms.

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Michael, age 50, has noticed a hearing loss, especially at high frequencies. He feels that his hearing is not as sharp as it once was. Michael probably has a condition called

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presbycusis.

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Which of the following statements about age-related hearing loss is true?

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African tribal people display little age-related hearing loss.

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The __________ adds to the soft lines and shape of the skin.

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hypodermis

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As we age,

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cells in both the epidermis and dermis decline in water content.

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Kyle, age 52, has collections of pigment under his skin, especially on his face and hands. Kyle has developed

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age spots.

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Women's skin ages more quickly than men's because

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the dermis of women is not as thick as that of men.

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Terry is approaching age 50. He can anticipate an accumulation of fat in which areas of his body?

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back and upper abdomen

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In a study of women ages 50 to 79, a __________ diet involving __________ was associated with greater initial weight loss and success at maintaining that loss over a seven-year period.

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low-fat; increased consumption of vegetables, fruits, and grains

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Research shows that dietary calorie restriction in nonhuman primates

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slows aging, but does not extend the lifespan.

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Scientists have begun to explore calorie restriction mimetics

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because very few people would be willing to maintain a substantially reduced diet for most of their lifespan.

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Donna, who has engaged in little exercise in the past decade, wants to offset both the excess weight and muscle loss of middle adulthood. She should engage in

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weight-bearing exercise that includes resistance training.

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Reduction in bone density during adulthood is

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substantial.

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Which of the following statements about loss of bone strength in middle adulthood is true?

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Loss of bone strength causes the disks of the spinal column to collapse.

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Jeanine is 55. According to her doctor, Jeanine's reproductive capacity has ended. She has reached the midlife reproductive transition called

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the climacteric.

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The changes involved in women's fertility decline occur gradually over a 10-year period, during which

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the production of estrogen drops.

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Which of the following women is the most likely to reach menopause the earliest?

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Lisa, who has not borne children

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Which of the following statements about menopause is true?

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Most studies reveal no association between menopause and depression in the general population.

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Which of the following women is the most likely to report fewer menopausal complaints?

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Noriko, an Asian woman

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To reduce the physical discomforts of menopause, Mary Beth's doctor prescribes low daily doses of estrogen known as

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hormone therapy.

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Ainsley, who has not had a hysterectomy, is undergoing menopause. Her doctor will probably recommend

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hormone replacement therapy (HRT).

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Which of the following statements about hormone therapy is true?

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It is highly successful at counteracting hot flashes.

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Women age 65 and older taking HRT

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have an elevated risk of Alzheimer's disease.

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Melissa has a family history of both cardiovascular disease and breast cancer. Her doctor is likely to

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advise against hormone therapy.

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Which group of women is most likely to experience a positive attitude toward menopause?

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Mexican-American women

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In Western industrialized nations, menopause is

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assumed to be a syndrome requiring treatment.

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Which of the following women is the most likely to report negative physical and emotional symptoms of menopause?

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Jennifer, a North American woman

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Tony, age 77, married Nichole, age 24. They are not using birth control because of Tony's advanced age. You can advise them that

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Tony produces less semen and sperm, which negatively affects fertility, but he can probably still father children.

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Episodes of impotence

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are more common in midlife.

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Viagra and other medications for impotence

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are generally safe.

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In men with high blood pressure or atherosclerosis, __________ heighten(s) the risk of constricting blood vessels in the optic nerve, permanently damaging it.

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medications for impotence

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Among the middle-aged adults who rate their health unfavorably,

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men are more likely than women to suffer from fatal illnesses.

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Which of the following statements about sexuality in middle adulthood is true?

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The best predictor of sexual frequency is marital happiness.

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Thomas, age 45, has been married for 20 years. When asked about his sex life, Thomas will probably say that sex is __________ than it was in his early married life.

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less intense

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A group of unmarried women in their fifties gathers every month for a book club. At one meeting, several of the members lament on the fact that they had no sexual partners during the past year. Their lack of sexual activity can most likely be attributed to

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a lack of opportunity due to a higher male mortality rate.

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The leading causes of death in middle age are __________ and __________.

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cancer; cardiovascular disease

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Which of the following factors strongly predicts poor health and premature death in midlife?

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economic disadvantage

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From early to middle adulthood, the death rate due to cancer

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multiplies tenfold.

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__________ cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths in both genders, worldwide.

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Lung

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__________ directly undergo abnormal cell duplication.

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Oncogenes

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Cancer death rates __________ sharply as __________ decreases.

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increase; SES

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Women with either BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations

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are especially likely to develop early-onset breast cancer.

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__________ cancer is the leading malignancy for men.

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Prostate

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Merrill has a buildup of plaque in his coronary arteries that encircle his heart and provide its muscles with oxygen and nutrients. Merrill has

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atherosclerosis.

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The most extreme symptom of cardiovascular disease is

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a heart attack.

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When __________ persists, it can prevent the heart from pumping enough blood and result in faintness.

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arrhythmia

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Frank has intense, crushing pain in his chest. The doctors inform him that his heart is oxygen deprived. Frank has

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angina pectoris.

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Janet has cardiovascular disease. Her doctor detected high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol. To relieve arterial blockage, Janet had __________, a procedure in which a surgeon threaded a needle-thin catheter into her arteries and inflated a balloon at its tip.

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angioplasty

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Symptoms of heart disease in women tend to

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get overlooked by doctors.

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Raymond, age 52, has porous bones and a very low bone density level. Raymond is at risk for

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osteoporosis.

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The earlier a woman reaches menopause, the __________ her chances of developing __________.

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greater; osteoporosis

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Which of the following statements about osteoporosis is true?

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A family history of osteoporosis increases the risk of the condition

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Mr. Lombardo fell and fractured his hip, and he has since been diagnosed with osteoporosis. Mr. Lombardo's doctor probably recommends

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weight-bearing exercise.

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Which of the following statements about the Type A behavior pattern is true?

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Current evidence pinpoints hostility as a toxic ingredient of Type A in both men and women.

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Charlie has frequent angry outbursts. He is rude, disagreeable, critical, and condescending. Charlie exhibits

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expressed hostility.

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Individuals who are repeatedly enraged are more likely to be

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depressed.

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__________ is associated with high blood pressure and heart disease.

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Ruminating about past anger-provoking events

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The best way for hostile and dominant people to reduce their risk of high blood pressure and heart disease is to and conflict.

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A) develop effective ways of handling stress

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Suzanne viewed life as fluid. She expected change and accepted it as inevitable. When Suzanne was faced with a problem, she identified it and decided what to do about it. Suzanne used a(n) __________ coping strategy.

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problem-centered

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Kandilyn is unhappy with all the stressors in her life. The best approach for dealing with her stress is to use

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a mixture of problem- and emotion-centered techniques.

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Ineffective coping

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is self-blaming, impulsive, or escapist.

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Teaching people to be __________ rather than hostile and to __________ rather than explode interrupts the intense physiological response that intervenes between psychological stress and illness.

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assertive; negotiate

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Which of the following statements about stress management in midlife is true?

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For people who have difficulty handling midlife's challenges, communities provide fewer social supports than for young adults or senior citizens.

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MaryAnn is taking an exercise class for the first time at age 50. MaryAnn believes she will be successful even though most of her friends quit during the first six months. MaryAnn has a

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sense of self-efficacy.

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Maureen, an overweight 48-year-old, wants to start exercising. The format that will probably work best for her is a

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home-based routine planned by a consultant.

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Which of the following exercise formats is usually the most successful option for adults with highly stressful lives?

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a group class

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What type of individual is likely to cope adaptively with stress brought on by the inevitable changes of life?

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one who displays a committed, involved approach to daily activities

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Chrissy regards most experiences as controllable. She displays a committed approach to daily activities and views change as a normal part of life and a chance for personal growth. Chrissy fits the pattern of a __________ individual.

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hardy

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High-hardy individuals are likely to

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use active, problem-centered coping strategies in situations they can control.

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Which of the following statements about the double standard of gender and aging is true?

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People often rate middle-aged women as having more negative personality characteristics than middle-aged men.

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Some evidence suggests that __________ contributes to negative judgments of a woman's physical appearance, especially by men.

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the end of a woman's ability to bear children

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The double standard for gender and aging is

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declining.

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One criticism of past research on cognitive aging is that it focused on intellectual

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deficits.

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Which of the following statements about the widespread belief that intelligence inevitably declines in middle and late adulthood as the brain deteriorates is true?

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Widespread testing of college students and soldiers in the 1920s revealed an age-related increase in intelligence in middle adulthood.

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__________ intelligence refers to skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience, good judgment, and mastery of social conventions.

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Crystallized

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On intelligence tests, spatial relations, digit span, and letter-number sequencing items measure __________ intelligence.

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fluid

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Which type of intelligence begins to decline in the twenties?

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fluid

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Verbal IQ usually begins to decline in the

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eighties.

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Trends in both crystallized and fluid mental abilities reported from the Seattle Longitudinal Study indicate that middle-aged adults

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are "in their prime," not "over the hill."

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Longitudinal research shows that from age 20 on, __________ decreases steadily.

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perceptual speed

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Late in life, __________ factors show greater decrements than __________ factors.

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fluid; crystallized

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Some theorists believe that a general slowing of __________ underlies nearly all age-related declines in cognitive performance.

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central nervous system functioning

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As people discover that they are no longer as good as they once were at certain tasks, they accommodate, shifting to activities that depend more on

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accumulated knowledge.

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Which of the following statements about individual differences in cognitive declines is true?

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People with flexible personalities are likely to maintain mental abilities well into late adulthood.

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Toby, a baby boomer, is likely to score higher than his father at the same age on verbal memory, inductive reasoning, and spatial orientation. Toby's performance compared to his father's is likely due to generational advances in

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education.

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As processing speed slows,

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working memory declines.

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On complex reaction-time tasks, response time

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increases steadily from the early twenties into the nineties.

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Dr. Schlocter believes that as neurons in the brain die, breaks in the neural network occur. The brain adapts by forming bypasses—new synaptic connections that go around the breaks but are less efficient. Dr. Schlocter subscribes to the __________ view.

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A) neural network

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Dr. Richter believes that older adults experience greater loss of information as it moves through the cognitive system. As a result, the whole system must slow down to inspect and interpret the information. Dr. Richter subscribes to the __________ view.

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information-loss

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On tests of complex abilities, the slower the reaction time, the

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lower the score on problem-solving tasks.

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Because older adults find ways to compensate for cognitive slowing on familiar tasks, their reaction time

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is considerably better on verbal items.

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Jett is an air traffic controller. Because of his occupational experiences, Jett will likely demonstrate smaller age-related declines in __________ than his middle-aged peers.

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cognitive inhibition

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In middle and late adulthood, __________ memory suffers much less than __________ memory.

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verbal; spatial

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Older adults __________ than younger adults—a difference believed to be due to a slower rate of thinking.

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rehearse less

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Which of the following is an accurate statement about performance in pressured and self-paced conditions?

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Middle-aged students will show performance declines under pressured conditions.

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Interviews with professional actors reveal that most memorize their lines by

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breaking the script into "beats."

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In a study of middle-aged and older adults, theater-training participants showed __________ than no-intervention controls.

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greater gains in problem solving

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In recalling historical facts about the Civil War, John uses __________ knowledge.

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general factual

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Maria has trouble remembering where she parks her car in the large office parking lot. Therefore, she decides to park in the same area of the parking lot every day. She is using __________ knowledge.

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metacognitive

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__________ requires people to size up real-world situations and analyze how best to achieve goals that have a high degree of uncertainty.

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Practical problem solving

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With regard to scientific knowledge, Ross has an extensive, highly organized, and integrated knowledge base that can be used to support a high level of performance. Ross has __________ in science.

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expertise

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The development of expertise reaches its height in

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middle adulthood.

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An expert

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intuitively feels when an approach to a problem will work and when it will not.

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Which of the following employees with similar years of experience will probably perform more competently in the workplace?

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Bronson, a middle-aged adult

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Middle-aged adults tend to be rational decision makers because they

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use practical problem-solving strategies.

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Creative accomplishment tends to peak in the __________ and then decline, but with considerable variation across individuals and disciplines.

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late thirties or early forties

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With age, many creators

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produce works that sum up or integrate ideas.

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Which of the following statements about mature academics is true?

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They tend to favor writing memoirs and histories of their field.

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By middle adulthood, thinking is characterized by an increase in

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specialization.

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Complex work leads to gains in

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cognitive flexibility.

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Having __________ helps explain the relationship between SES and flexible, abstract thinking.

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a stimulating, nonroutine job

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Which of the following statements about becoming a student in midlife is true?

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Life transitions often trigger a return to college.

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Among those adult learners reporting high psychological stress typically are

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D) married women with nonsupportive partners.

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Mature-age women in college tend to __________ than mature-age men.

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experience more interruptions in their academic programs

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Adult learners list __________ as the most common reason for not completing their degrees

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role overload

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The most important factor in the success of an adult college student is

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receipt of social support.

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Mia returned to college at age 45. She will probably need help in

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choosing the most appropriate courses.

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Which of the following statements about nontraditional students is true?

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They especially value forming new relationships and sharing opinions.

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Adult students in college courses

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provide valuable intergenerational contact.

Psychology Ch. 15 Answers – Flashcards

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