Anatomy end of year – Flashcards
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respiratory system
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organ system that carries out gas exchange; includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachi, bronchi, and lungs
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conchae
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mucosa-covered projections or lobes in the nasal cavity
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pharynx
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muscular passageway for food and air
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tonsils
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clusters of lymphatic tissue found in the pharynx
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epiglottis
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"guardian of the airways" protects the superior opening of the larynx
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larynx
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voice box, routes air and food to the proper channels and plays a role in speech
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glottis
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slitlike passageway between the vocal folds
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trachea
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windpipe
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lungs
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used to breathe
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pleura
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a visceral serosa surrounding the lungs
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primary bronchi
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formed by division of trachea; direct routes to the air sacs
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bronchioles
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smallest of the conducting passageways
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aveoli
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air sacs made of simple squamous epithelial
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inspiration
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one of two phases of breathing; air flows to the lungs
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expiration
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one of two phases of breathing; air leaves the lungs
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diaphragm
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inspiratory muscle that contract; size of thoracic county increases
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cellular respiration
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use of oxygen-production of carbon dioxide by tissue cells
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asthma
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respiratory passageways narrowed by spasms of bronchioles
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emphysema
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"air hunger"
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cystic fibrosis
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over secretion of a thick mucous that clogs the respiratory passageways
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hyperventilation
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blows off carbon dioxide and decreases amount of carbonic acid which returns blood pH to normal range
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cyanosis
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insufficient oxygen in the blood
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chronic bronchitis
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mucosa of respiratory passages before severly inflamed and produces lots of mucous
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apnea
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cessation of breathing, until carbon dioxide builds up in blood again
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matastasize
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to spread
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hyperpenea
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breathing pattern; breathe more vigorously and deeply because the brain centers send more impulses to the respiratory muscles
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eupnea
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normal respiratory rate
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hypoxia
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inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues
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pleurisy
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inflammation of pleura, caused by decreased secretion of pleura fluid
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rhinitis
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inflammation of the nasal mucosa
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digestion
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the bodily process of breaking down food chemically and mechanically
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esophagus
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runs from pharynx through diaphragm to stomach. conducts food to stomach
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stomach
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left side of abdominal cavity , an enlarged and muscular saclike organ of the alimentary canal
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alimentary canal
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performs whole menu of digestions , digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
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small intestines
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body's major digestive organ usuable food prepared for cells of body
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large intestines
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dries out indigestible food residue from body as feces
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duodenum
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first part of small intestine, 12 finger widths long,
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jejunum
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second part of small intestine, "empties"
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ilieum
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third part of small intestine, twisted intestine
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rectum
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above anal canal
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liver
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largest gland in body,, organ that makes bile to break down fats; also filters poisons and drugs out of the blood
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gallbladder
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small, thin-walled green sac that snuggles in a shallow fossa in inferior surface of the liver
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pancreas
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soft, pink, triangular gland that produces enzymes that break down all categories of digestive foods
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appendix
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trouble spot where bacteria normally accumulates
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salivary glands
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empty their secretions into the mouth
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tongues
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several bony attachments- hyoid bone and styloid process
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mastication
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chewing
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pyloric sphinctor
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regulates movement of food from the stomach into the small intestine
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rugae
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when empty, collapses inward onself and mucosae thrown into large folds, ridges in the stomach
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gastric juice
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The acidic secretion of the stomach
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pepsinogens
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produced by protein- digesting and produce corrosive hydrochloric acid, which makes the stomach contents acidic and activates the enzymes
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chyme
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the semifluid stomach contents of partially digested his food and stomach secretions
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bolus
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mass of binded food which makes chewing and swallowing easier
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peristalis
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involuntary; involves alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of the muscles of the organ wall
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bile
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a green-yellow-brown fluid produced in and secreted by the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and released into small intestine
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peyer's patches
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local collections of lymphatic tissue found in the submucosa that increase in number toward the end of the small intestine
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villi
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fingerlike projections of mucosa that give it a velvety appearance and feel, much like the soft hap of turkish towel
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saliva
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products of salivary gland in mixture of mucus and serous fluids
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incisors
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chisel- shaped; adapted for cutting
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canines
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fingerlike teeth for tearing or piercing
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molars
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broad crowns with rounded cusps (tips); best suited for grinding
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enamel
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hardest substance in body; fairly brittle because mineralized with calcium salts.
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gingival
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the gums
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dentin
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bonelike material; underlines enamel and forms bulk of tooth
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deglutition
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swallowing
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defecation
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elimination of indigestible residues from the GI tract via anus in form of feces
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metabolism
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sum total of chemical reactions that occur in the body
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nutrient
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a substance in food used by the entire body to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair
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vitamins
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compounds that help regulate many vital body processes, including the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of other nutrients
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urinary system
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system primarily responsible for water, electrolyte, and acid base balance and the removal of nitrogenous wastes from the blood
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kidney
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small dark red organ that lie against the dorsal body wall, organ that removes urea, excess water, and other waste products from the blood and passes them to the ureter
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nephrons
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structural and functional units of the kidney
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glomerulus
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knot of coiled up capillaries in the kidney; forms filtrate
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renal tubules
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coils and twists before forming hair pin loop; one of structures of nephrons
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urea
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main nitrogen containing waste excreted in urine
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uric acid
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released when nucleic acids are metabolized
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urine
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filtrate containing waste and excess ions excreted by kidneys
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ureters
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slender tubes that carry urine from kidney to bladder
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urinary bladders
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smooth, collapsable muscular sac that temporarily stores urine
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urethra
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canal through which urine passes from bladder to outside of body
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micturition
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urination or voiding; emptying bladder
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renin
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substance released by the kidneys that is involved with raising blood pressure
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erythropoietin
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stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow, a glycoprotein secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells
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endocrine system
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a chemical communication system, using hormones, by which messages are sent through the bloodstream; directs and coordinates cell activities
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hormones
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chemical messengers used by endocrine system
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pituitary gland
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gland in the base of the skull that secretes nine hormones that directly regulate many body functions and control the actions of several other endocrine glands
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thyroid gland
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largest endocrine organ, base of throat, emits hormones that controls rate that glucose is burned and decreases calcium levels
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adrenal glands
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a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress, regulate salt content, water and electrolyte balance, produce sex hormones, enchance fight or flight response
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thymus gland
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a ductless glandular organ at the base of the neck that produces lymphocytes and aids in producing immunity
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gonads
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produce sex hormones in males and females
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androgens
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male sex hormones; most importantly testosterone
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estrogens
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stimulate uterine lining growth; development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics; prepares breast to produce milk
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insulins
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hormone produced by the islet cells, acts on just about all body cells and increases their ability to transort glucose and speeds up the oxidation process
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growth hormone
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hormone that directs the growth of skeletal muscle and long bones
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prolactin
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hormone responsible for milk production
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pineal gland
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located in the center of the brain, functioning to secrete melatonin and serotonin, the sleep trigger, believed to prevent sexual maturation until adulthood
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steroids
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Many of this type of lipid serve as chemical messengers or as parts of the cell membrane; examples include cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen
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lymphatic system
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the interconnected system of spaces and vessels between body tissues and organs by which lymph circulates throughout the body
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macrophages
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cells particularly abundant in lymphatic and connective tissues; important in immune responses as an antigen-presenter to T cells and B cells
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lymphocytes
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agranular white blood cells formed int eh bone marrow that mature in the lymphoid tissues , Make antibodies to destroy foreign pathogens
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spleen
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a blood rich organ that filters blood, a large dark-red oval organ on the left side of the body between the stomach and the diaphragm
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tonsilitis
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tonsils become congested with bacteria and become red, swollen, and sore
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immune system
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mounts the attack against particular foreign substances
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histamine
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a substance that causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
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diapedesis
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the passage of blood cells through intact vessel walls into the tissues
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pus
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the fluid product of inflamation composed of white blood cells, dead cells, a thin fluid
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interferon
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cells that have not been affected by secreting proteins , an antiviral protein produced by cells that have been invaded by a virus
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antigen
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any substance including toxins, foreign proteins, or bacteria that when introduced is recognized as foreign in the body and activates the immune system
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vaccines
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artificial aquired immunity
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antibodies
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a specialized substance produced by the body that can provide immunity against a specific antigen
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lymph node
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a mass of lymphatic tissue, a small knob of tissue in the lymphatic system that filters lymph
