HGD ch. 5 – Flashcard
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A person's average body mass index (BMI) is the lowest between the ages of
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5 to 6
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Between the ages of 2 and 6, a well-nourished child will gain about _____ pounds and grow about _____ inches per year
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4 ½;3
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Today's children could become the first generation in more than 100 years to have a shorter lifespan than their parents as a result of
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their propensity to overeat and underexercise.
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The average 6-year-old child from a developed nation weighs _____ pounds
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40 to 50
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Over the past three decades in Brazil, what has been the trend in children's health and body growth
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Children no longer suffer from undernutrition, but now face overnutrition
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Parents of a typical 5-year-old girl in America are MOST likely to say:
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She isn't eating enough.
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A child's appetite _____ between the ages of 2 and 6
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decreases
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In developed nations, which nutrients are MOST apt to be lacking in a child's diet?
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calcium, iron, and zinc
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To ensure adequate nutrition and vitamin intake, what is recommended?
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Eat well-balanced meals with a variety of foods
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A common allergy for young children is
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soy.
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A child's passion for continuity and sameness is normal at about _____ year(s) of age
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C) 3
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One of the most common problems of young children in developed nations is:
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tooth decay
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What proportion of all children under the age of 6 in the United States suffer from tooth decay?
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1/3
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Kailonte is a child who lives in western Canada. He was part of a 2010 study on the impact of air pollution on the developing brains of children. The study found that _____ was/were NOT harmful for children to breathe.
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wood smoke
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At what age does any specific disease overtake accidents as a cause for human mortality?
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20
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Instead of accident prevention, health workers prefer the term
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injury control.
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What is a leading cause of death among children between the ages of 1 and 4 years old?
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drowning
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In the past 20 years, the incidence of plumbism has declined due to
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the removal of lead from paint and gasoline.
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Which environmental substance has been shown to reduce intelligence and increase behavior problems in young children?
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lead
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Many researchers believe that a preschooler with plumbism is prone to:
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committing violent acts as a teenager
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A 2-year-old human's brain is _____ percent of the adult brain's weight
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75
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A 6-year-old human's brain is _____ percent of the adult brain's weight.
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90
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The ability to generate several thoughts in rapid succession is most specifically related to:
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myelination.
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During a long car trip, Anna and Robert asked "Are we there yet?" so many times that their mother began covering her ears. Her children were exhibiting
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perseveration.
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Researchers had children sort picture cards by shape. Then they asked the same children to sort the same cards by color. They found that children under the age of 4:
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had difficulty changing to a new sorting pattern.
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A disorder that research has suggested may result from abnormal development of the corpus callosum is:
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autism.
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The left side of the brain notices _____, while the right side grasps _____.
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the details; emotions
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About _____ percent of people in Great Britain and the United States are left-handed.
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B) 10
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Which statement about left-handed people is true?
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Their corpus callosa tend to be thicker than those of right-handed people.
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Preoperational intelligence:
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allows children to think in symbols
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Piaget called the stage of human cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6 _____ intelligence
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preoperational
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Ivan was playing under the kitchen table when he stood up suddenly and bumped his head. He pointed at the table and sternly said, ìNaughty table!î This is an example of:
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animism.
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To focus on one aspect of a situation and simultaneously exclude all other aspects is called:
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centration.
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A magician's goal is to get the audience to focus on one aspect of his demonstration while he manipulates another. This is easy to do with preoperational children, as they are fooled by their tendency to:
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demonstrate centration.
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Nine-year-old Bobby has no problem understanding that the 20-year-old woman who sometimes stays with him is both a student and a babysitter. According to Piaget, this is because Bobby's thinking has moved beyond:
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centration.
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A preschool child thinks a tall 20-year-old man is older than a short 40-year-old man. This is an example of:
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focus on appearance.
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When Jennie sees her third-grade teacher in the grocery store, she is shocked to see her outside of school. This is likely due to Jennie's:
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static reasoning.
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When children assume that the world is unchanging, they engage in:
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static reasoning.
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The characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes is called:
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static reasoning.
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Daryl has a ball of Silly Putty. His 6-year-old son, Mason, watches as Daryl flattens the Silly Putty into a thin ìpancake.î When Daryl asks Mason if there is now more Silly Putty, Mason replies ìYesî because he has:
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not mastered the concept of conservation.
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Researchers now believe that Piaget _____ cognition in infancy and _____ cognition in early childhood.
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underestimated; underestimated
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According to Vygotsky, guided participation requires that a child:
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interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task.
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According to Vygotsky, a child's first mentor is a(n):
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parent.
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Skills that the child can accomplish with assistance but can't yet perform independently are part of:
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the zone of proximal development.
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A child who is unable to read a picture book independently gets help from an adult to accomplish the task. This assistance will only be effective if the:
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skill is within the child's zone of proximal development.
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One of Vygotsky's most famous concepts was the zone of proximal development, which asserts that:
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children can master some tasks with the help of others.
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Which statement about Kelemen's study exploring theory-theory with Mexican-American mothers and their children is true?
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Children are more likely to ask about human behavior than non-living things.
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According to theory-theory, what kind of information are young children seeking when they ask ìWhy?î
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They want to know how the situation or behavior affects them.
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A person's understanding of the thoughts of other people is called:
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theory of mind.
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At what age do MOST children without older siblings develop theory of mind?
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4 years
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Only after a child has developed theory of mind can he or she:
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tell a lie.
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Britney understands that her father is crying because his best friend died. This shows that Britney has developed:
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theory of mind.
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Researchers have discovered that _____ helps a child to develop theory of mind months ahead of a child who does not.
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living with older siblings
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The underlying factor allowing the development of theory of mind is:
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maturation of the prefrontal cortex.
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According to Vygotsky, within the context of cognition, language is a tool:
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to advance thought.
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According to Vygotsky, the internal dialogue that people have with themselves either silently or aloud is referred to as:
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private speech.
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A key factor that strengthens a preschooler's cognition is:
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having an older sibling.
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Which child is MOST apt to have the best-developed theory of mind?
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Reginald, age 3 1/2, who has two older siblings
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Research has shown that the development of a theory of mind is suppressed by:
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watching a lot of TV.
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By the age of 2, a child will typically have a vocabulary of _____ words; by the age of 6, a child will typically have a vocabulary of _____ words.
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500; 10,000
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A child's ability to add new vocabulary words very quickly is called:
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fast-mapping.
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When children hear a new word in a familiar context, they can simply add the word to the general category without fully understanding the word. This is called:
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fast-mapping.
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Which early childhood method has been found to boost reading several years later in elementary school?
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code-focused teaching
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Children typically understand the basics of grammar by the:
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age of 2.
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Genes are most likely to influence which type of language?
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expressive
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Overregularization in a child's speech patterns indicates that:
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the child can apply grammatical rules to vocalizations.
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In 2010 in the United States, 21 percent of children spoke English at school and _____ at home.
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another language
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Neuroscience has proven true which statement about bilingual individuals?
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Even though both languages reside in the same area of the brain, bilingual individuals are able to activate one language and temporarily inhibit the other.
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Demetrius's family recently immigrated to the United States from the Ukraine. After he attended kindergarten, his parents noticed that his English was more fluent than his native language. Demetrius was exhibiting:
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a language shift.
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When a child is learning a second language, the basics of language learning such as the vocabulary explosion, fast-mapping, and overregularization apply:
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to both the native and second language.
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Joachim lives in the United States. His mother speaks to him in Spanish. His father speaks to him in German. His parents hope that Joachim will:
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become a balanced trilingual.
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In terms of early childhood learning, research has found that if the home educational quality is poor, then:
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a quality preschool is especially beneficial.
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Preschool programs are called ìchild-centeredî when they stress children's:
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development and growth.
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Child-centered programs are often influenced by the theories of ______ and ______.
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Piaget; Vygotsky
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Sunnymont Preschool has plenty of opportunities for the children to play dress-up, dance, build with blocks, finger-paint, and be creative. Sunnymont is most likely a _____ program.
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child-centered
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Learning Circle Preschool emphasizes individual pride and achievement while focusing on teaching young children literacy-related tasks. Learning Circle's approach seems to most closely resemble a(n) _____ program.
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Montessori
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A study of 5-year-old children in Milwaukee showed that those who attended a Montessori preschool were more advanced in _____ skills than those who did not attend.
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math
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What was Maria Montessori's objective when she created her preschool?
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individual achievement
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The Reggio Emilia early-childhood program focuses on:
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children's creativity and artistic talent.
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Micah attends a preschool where there is a high teacher/child ratio and ample opportunity for creative expression. He is engaged in a long-term art project that he chose where he is making dinosaurs out of clay. Which child-centered approach does Micah's preschool most closely resemble?
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Reggio Emilia
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Most teacher-directed preschool programs stress:
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academics.
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The goal of most teacher-directed preschools is:
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to make children ready to learn.
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Salim is in a teacher-directed preschool. Which activity would his parents NOT expect him to be doing?
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working on a long-term individual project about birds
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An evaluation of Head Start found that benefits were MOST apparent for children
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with the lowest family income.
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What has research found to be the most effective way to teach English to children of Hispanic heritage while simultaneously improving their Spanish?
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combining English and Spanish instruction
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Compared to children who did not attend an intensive early intervention program, longitudinal studies showed that the children who did participate:
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were less likely to need special education and more likely to attend college.
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Low-income males in Chicago who attended the High/Scope preschool had such long-lasting benefits from the program that for every $1 spent on the program, society saved _____ because as adults, the men avoided incarceration and paid income taxes.
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$4
