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separation anxiety

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the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs

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stranger anxiety

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the caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person

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social referencing

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the intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events

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ainsworth strange situation

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a sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between a child and his or her mother

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self-awareness

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knowledge of oneself, begins abour the age of 12 months

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secure attachment

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children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present; when she leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns

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avoidant attachment

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children do not seek proximity to the mother

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ambivalent attachment

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children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers

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disorganized-disoriented attachment

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children show inconsistent, often contradictory behavior towards parent

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reciprocal socialization

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process in which infants' behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers, which in turn bring about further responses from infants

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trust-versus-mistrust stage

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the period which infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers

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temperament

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patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual

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easy babies

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babies who have a positivie disposition; their body functions operate regularly, and they are adaptable

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difficult babies

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babies who have negative moods and are slow to adapt to new situations; when confronted with a new situation, they tend to withdraw

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slow-to-warm babies

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babies who are inactive, showing relatively calm reactions to their environment; their moods are generally negative, and they withdraw from situations, adapting slowly

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dimensions of temperament

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activity leve, approach-withdrawal, adaptability, quality of mood, attention span and persistance, distractibility, regularity, intensity of reaction, threshold of responsiveness

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autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage

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the perioduring which toddlers develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected

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goodness-of-fit

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the notion that delopment is dependent on the degree of match between children's temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised

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preschool health threats

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accidents (falls, burns, drowning, suffocation, auto accidents, poisoning),

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preschool brain development

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2-year-olds: brain is 75% of adult size and weight, 5-year-olds: brain is 90% of adult size and weight

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lateralization

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process in which certain cognitive functions are located in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other

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preschool cognitive processing

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myelination increases attention and concentration, more sophisticated cognitive processing

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preoperational stage

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the stage from 2 to 7 in which children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases

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operations

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organized, formal, logical mental processes

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symbolic function

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the ability to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to stand for, or represent, something that is not physically present

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centration

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process of concentrating on one limited aspect of stimulus and ignoring other aspects

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conservation

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the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects

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egocentric thought

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thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others

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intuitive thought

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thinking that reflects preschoolers' use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world

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scripts

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broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they occur

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zone of proximal development

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the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent

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scaffolding

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the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth

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autobioraphical memory

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memory of particular events from one's own life, not always accurate, more accurate to open-ended questions

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functionality

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the idea that actions, events, and outcomes are related to one another in fixed patterns

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identity

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the understanding that certain things stay the same, regardless of changes in shape, size, and appearance

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private speech

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speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves

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pragmatics

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the aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others

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social speech

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speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person

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initiative-versus-guilt stage

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the period during which children aged 3 to 6 experience conflict between independence of action and the someties negative results of that action

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self-concept

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a person's identity, or set of beliefs about that one is like as an individual

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race dissonance

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the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people

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gender identity

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the perception of oneself as male or female

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gender schema

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a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender

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gender constancy

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the belief that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors

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functional play

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play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3-year-olds

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constructive play

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play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something

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parallel play

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action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other

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onlooker play

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action in which children simply watch otheres at play, but do not actually participate themselves

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associative play

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play in which two or more children actually interact with one another by sharing or borrowing although they do not do the same thing

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cooperative play

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play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests

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authoritarian parents

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parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold, and whose word is law. they value strict, unquestioning obedience from their children and do not tolerate expressions of disagreement

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permissive parents

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parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children

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authoritative parents

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parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way

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uninvolved parents

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parents who show almost no interst in their children indifferent, rejecting behavior

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children of authoritarian parents

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tend to be withdrawn, showing relatively little sociability, not very friendly, behaving uneasily around their peers

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children of permissive parents

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tend to be dependent and moody, low in social skils and self-control

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children of authoritative parents

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independent, friendly with their peers, self-assertive and cooperative; strong motivation to achive and are typically successful and likable

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children of uninvolved parents

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have disrupted emotional development, they feel unloved and emotionally detached, impedes their physical and cognitive development

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causes of inadequate fitness

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genetics, bad eating habits, poor diets, lack of exercise

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gross motor skills

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riding a bike, running, jumping, swim

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find motor skills

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typing, writing, drawing, tying shoes

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psychological disorders

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20% of children have a psychological disorder (depression, anxiety)

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visual impairment

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a difficulty in seeing that may include blindness or partial sightedness

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auditory impairment

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a special need that involves the loss of hearing or some aspect of hearing

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speech impairment

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speech that deviates so much from speech of others that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communications, or produces maladjustment in the speaker

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stuttering

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substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech; the most common speech impairment

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learning disabilities

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difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities

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attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

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a learning disability marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity

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concrete operation stage

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the period of cognitive develobetween 7 and 12 years of age, which is characterized by the active, and appropriate, use of logic

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decentering

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the ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account

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reversibility

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the notion that presses transforming a stimulus can be reversed, returning it to its original form

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cultural assimilation model

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model that fostered the view of american society as the perverbial melting pot

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pluralistic society model

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concept that american society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their individual cultural features

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industry-versus-inferiority stage

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the period from age 6 to 12 characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and other complexities of the modern world

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social comparison

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the desire to evaluate one's own behavior, abilities, expertise, and opinions by comparing them to those of others

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self-esteem

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an individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation

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preconventional morality

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people follow rigid rules based on punishment or rewards; no internalization, behavior controlled externally

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conventional morality

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people approach moral problems in terms of their own position as good, responsible members of society; right is what other say it is, partial internalization

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postconventional morality

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unirsal moral principles that are considered broader than the rules of the particular society in which they live; justice is highest principle, act according to conscience

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orientation toward individual survival

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concentration is on what is practical and best for self

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goodness as self-sacrafice

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view is that a woman must sacrafice her own wishes to what other people want

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morality of nonviolence

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moral equivalence is established between self and others; hurting anyone is seen as immoral

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status

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the evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group

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higher-status children

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form friendships with others like them, more likely to be views as friends by other children, form cliques, interact with a greater number of children

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lower-status children

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form friendships with others like them, more likely to play with younger or less popular children

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social competence

answer

the collection of social skills that permits individuals to perform successfully in social settings

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