developmental psychology chapter 6 – Flashcards
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jean piaget
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father of cognitive psychology who used unstructured interviews to examine how kids think; believes cognition develops through series of stages
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schemes
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organized patterns of action/thought constructed to interpret experiences
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what are the 2 main ways schemes are developed?
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organization and adaptation
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organization
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combining simple schemes into new, complex schemes. ex/ combining rooting,sucking, and swallowing into drinking
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adaptation
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adjusting to new demands of environment
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what are 2 ways adaptation occurs?
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assimilation and accommodation
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assimilation
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interpret new experiences using existing patterns of thoughts. ex/ seeing the result of banging different things on the ground
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accommodation
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modify existing patterns of thought to fit new experiences. ex/ seeing a plane and ask what it is since you know it's not a bird
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piaget's stages of cognitive development
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4 stages that are invariant; process through stages due to interaction between biological maturation and experience
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what are the 4 stages?
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sensorimotor (birth-2years), preoperational(2-7years), concrete operational(7-11years), formal operational(adolescence-adulthood)
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sensorimotor stage
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birth-2years, learn to coordinate senses with movement to learn about self and environment.
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what are the 6 substages of the sensorimotor stage?
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simple reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reaction, coordination of secondary schemes, tertiary circular reactions, symbolic problem solving
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simple reflexes
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birth-1month, using our very first schemes to learn about the world around us; first schemes-innate reflexes
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primary circular reactions
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1-4months, repeating same things over again; discover things on accident and try to repeat, more interested in their own bodies than toys
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secondary circular reactions
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4-8months, main difference is that they're focused on the outside world instead of body, but still discovering things mostly by accident
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coordination of secondary schemes
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8-12months, goal directed behavior: several schemes combined and coordinated to solve a problem. ex/pulling a blanket down in order to get the toy on top of it
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tertiary circular reactions
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12-18months, begin to experiment actively with things in the environment
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symbolic problem solving
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18months-2years, develop ability to create mental representations, can solve simple problems in their heads without using the trail and error approach, develop deferred imitation, and can engage in pretend play
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what are some strengths of piaget's theory?
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stimulated research, emphasized that infants were active in their cognitive development: idea supported by research, basic outline of cognitive development correct
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what are some weaknesses in piaget's theory?
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underestimated children's abilities, failed to distinguish between competence and performance, claimed broad stages exist, limited attention to social/cultural influences
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object permanence
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understanding objects/people still exist even when you can't see them
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time frames for object permanence
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infants under 4 months will to reach for toy that has been covered; 4-8months: reach for partially covered toy, not completely covered toy; 8-12months:will look for object; 12-18months: look for objects where they see it hidden, but don't understand invisible displacement
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A, not B, error:
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looking for an object where it was last seen, not in the new place
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language
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communication system of sounds, letters, and gestures
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what are the aspects of language?
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phonology: sound system of language, morphology: rules for formation of words from sound, semantics: meanings of language, pragmatics: rules specifying appropriate use of language
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intonation
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variation in loudness, pitch, timing
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prelinguistic stage
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first stage of language development;can distinguish phones of all languages by 1 month, but lose that ability by 10-12months
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cooing
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6-8weeks, repeating vowels
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babbling
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4/5months-1 year, repeating consonantly vowel combination. is suggested that babbling is due to biological maturation until 6 months when experience starts to play a part
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8-10 months during the prelinguistic stage
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being using gestures to communicate; declarative gestures: often combined with sound and use of gestures increases with age, complexity of speech
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10-12months during the prelinguistic stage
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begin using specific sound for certain actions/things. usually indicates that they will speak first word soon
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holophrase period
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begins around 10-14months; using single words that convey many things. words that start with a consonant and end with our vowel are easiest.
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naming/language explosion
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16-24months: vocabulary spurt when vocabulary expands rapidly. by 2 years, produce 300-400 words
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what are too common errors in the naming explosion phase?
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underextension: use word too narrowly overextension: use word too broadly
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telegraphic period
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18-24months: begin combining 2-3 words into simple sentences; uses some grammatical rules and continue to use intonation and gestures
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what are the 3 theories of language development?
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pure nurture: the behavioral approach, pure nature: the nativist perspective, both nature and nurture: the interactionist perspective
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pure nurture: the behavioral approach
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language is learned through reinforcements, punishments, modeling, and imitations.
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what supports the nurture approach?
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children learn language spoken to around them, they pick up accents, children learn names of things quicker if they're rewarded, and children whose parents talk to them more often are more advanced in development
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what are the problems with the nurture approach?
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can't explain why kids learn rules of grammar, children create novel communication
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pure nature: the nativist perspective
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humans biologically programmed to learn language.
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chomsky
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created the LAD
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LAD
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language acquisition device: proposed neural system that was hypothesized to allow understanding and production of language
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what supports the nature approach?
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similar stages of development across cultures, left hemisphere of brain is specialized for language and activated by speech right after birth, sensitive period hypothesis
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sensitive period hypothesis
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sensitive period for language development before puberty
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what are the problems with the nature approach?
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not an explanation and more of a description, mere exposure isn't enough
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both nature and nurture: the interactionist approach
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infants biologically predisposed to learn language because of slowly maturing brain and drive to communicate; language rules learned out of necessity to organize growing vocabulary; language is developed in context of social interactions
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expressive style
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a style of language use in which language is used primarily to express feelings and needs about oneself and others
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referential style
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a style of language use in which language is used primarily to label objects
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linguistic comprehension
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the understanding of speech
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linguistic production
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the use of language to communicate
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concepts
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categorizations of objects, events, or people that share common properties
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infantile amnesia
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the lack of memory for experiences that occurred prior to 3 years of age
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explicit memory
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memory that is conscious and which can be recalled intentionally
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implicit memory
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memories of which we are not consciously aware but that affect performance and behavior
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information processing approaches
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the model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information
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the information processing approach looks at cognitive development through which perspective?
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a micro perspective
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motherese
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an outdated term for infant directed speech
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goal directed behavior
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seen in substage 4, the ability to combine and coordinate schemes to generate a problem solving act
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on average, how much tv does a 2 year old watch per day?
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2 hours
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storage
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the act of placing information into the memory
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what is the correct order of information processing?
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encoding, storage, retrieval
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deferred imitation
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an act in which a person who is no longer present is imitated by children who have witnessed a similar act
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developmental quotient
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an overall developmental score that relates to performance in four domains: motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, and personal-social
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bayley scales of intact development
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a measure that evaluates an infant's development from 2 to 42 months; average score is a 100
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piaget focuses on a qualitative changes but this looks at quantitative change
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information processing; it looks at quantitative changes in infant's ability to organize and manipulate information represent the hallmarks of cognitive development
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encoding
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the process by which information is initially recorded in a form usable to memory
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retrieval
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the process by which material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used.
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automatization
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the degree to which an activity requires attention. processes that require little attention are automatic; processes that require large amounts of attention are controlled
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example of implicit memory
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riding a bike or climbing a stairway
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example of explicit memory
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recalling a phone number
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visual recognition memory measurement
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the more quickly an infant can retrieve a representation of a stimulus from memory, the more efficient, presumably, is that infant's information processing
