Ap Euro Ch 17 Eastern Absolutism – Flashcards
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Three eastern absolutist states
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Austria, Prussia, Russia
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Western Absolutism
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Tax the peasants, and merchant class
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Eastern Absolutism
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No merchants to tax- instead tax the nobility
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Serfdom
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The system of agricultural labor popular in eastern Europe in which peasants had no rights or freedoms and were bound to the land.
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Reasons for serfdom
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-Population loss- shortage of labor -People to work the land were in shortage -Can't go anywhere
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East v. West
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East Serf- -cannot go to towns -no mobility -no middle class West Serf- -Plague- wages go up -greater opportunity -places to go- towns
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Origins of Absolutism in Austria
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- Holy Roman empire sets up -Bohemian Nobility is crushed in 30 years war
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Origins of Absolutism in Prussia
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-1/2 of people killed -Invading tartars- take Germans into slavery -Need the stability/ protection of Absolutism - Poor land offers no fortifications
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Origins of Absolutism In Russia
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-Goes back to mongol yoke
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Prussian Absolutism v. Austrian Absolutism
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Austria- should have been one to unify Germany - Can't -Too many ethnicities in the Balkans Prussia- Will unify- -Have the advantage -Nationalism> they are all German people -
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Austrian Wars
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-Ottoman wars -Prussian 30 years War
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The 3 parts of the Austrian Empire
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Austria Kingdom of Hungary Dukedom of Bohemia
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Capitals of the Austrian Empire
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Vienna Budda / Pest Prague
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Capital of Austria
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Vienna
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Capital of Bohemia
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Prague
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Capital of Hungary
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Buda and Pest
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Why did Hungary join with Austria
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-Are pressured to: -Hungarians aren't Slavic -Have a lot at odds with Russia -Have been occupied by the Turks, want stable country
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Deal with the Austrian Nobility
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-Keep your serfs -Have control more or less of your area -BUT- submit to authority of the absolute monarchy in Vienna
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The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
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Charles the 6th -Never divide the Austrian empire -Europe to leave Austria alone -Why? - has a heir but is a daughter -Europe will leave Austria alone until Charles' death
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Sultan
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"overlord"; title of Ottoman rulers- will help define the Tzar's title
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Millet System
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system of managing government where the ottoman empire was divided by religion. leaders of each millet supported the sultan in exchange for power over their millet.
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Ferdinand II
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Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia and Hungary who waged war against Protestant forces in the battle of white Mountain, also reduced the power of the Bohemian Estates (1578-1637)
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Bohemian Estates
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representative body of the different estates, or legal orders, in Bohemia. dominated by protestant Czech nobility.
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The Elector of Brandenburg
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No Military strength whatsoever, no defensible geography, half of the elector is separated in Prussia. No access to the sea, or natural borders. Many different regionalistic and powerful towns/ cities
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Term to describe Prussian Land
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The Sandbox of Europe
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Hohenzollern
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-a German noble family that ruled Brandenburg and Prussia -First Among equals
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Prussian Rulers
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Fredrick William 1640-1688 Fredrick I 1688-1713 Fredrick William I 1713-1740 Fredrick II 1740-1783
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Who was an elector?
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Fredrick William
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Militarism in Prussia
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a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests. In this case, the Junkers (nobles) were encouraged and had great honor to serve in the military.
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Fredrick William
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Also known as the great elector. He ruled Prussia and established absolutism there. Forces the nobles to pay a tax without consent.
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Junkers
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Prussian Nobles
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Three Territories of the Elector
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Brandenburg, Prussia, Rhineland holdings
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Fredrick I
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The Great Elector's son. First Hohenzollern to call himself king. By the treaty of Utrecht, his duchy of east Prussia was recognized as a kingdom. There after, all Hohenzollern territories were grouped under the name Prussia. He also got involved in the War of Spanish Succession
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Fredrick William I
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Prussian king; strove to maintain highly efficient bureaucracy of civil workers; by end of reign in 1740, doubled army's size, made it one of the best armies in Europe. -Paradoxically will never go to war -Loves tall soldiers -obsessed with the military
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Fredrick II
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The Great; Prussian king; one of best educated and most cultured monarchs in the 18th century, kept Prussia's serfdom and rigid social structure intact and avoided any additional reforms; also enlarged Prussian Army; credited with making Prussia a great European power, also rejected Charles VI's pragmatic sanction and captured Silesia from the Austrians. He also hated his father Fredrick William I
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Problem with Prussia
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-Very expensive to maintain the state -If falls onto the wrong hands, will fall apart/ be very bad
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Saint Basil's Church
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Moscow, Church there
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Red Square
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A city square in Moscow that separates Kremlin from the historic merchant quarter
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Mongol Yoke
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Describes the ruthless Mongol rule over the Slavs for about 200 years after the conquest of Chinggis Khan. The Mongols used existing Slavic princes as servants and tax collectors. Good princes were rewarded with heredity. Alexander Nevsky began the process of making the princes more powerful, and it was finished by Ivan III, who overthrew the Mongols and became Russia's first tzar.
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Russian Orthodox/ Third Rome
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Russians thought that they were the bearers of Christianity
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Tzar
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Comes from Cesar, Based off Khans, Sultans, Pharaohs-- The Tzar has complete control over his subjects, everything is property of the Tzar.
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Mongols
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-Largest Land empire -Feirce fighters -Live at Kiev
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Kiev
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Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; A popular hangout of the Mongols for its good climate
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Moscow
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Was the place that the Muscovite princes lived They started as tax collectors Became powerful leaders/ undercut the power of the Mongols
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Alexander Nevski
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Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde. (p. 339)
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Muscovy
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A former principality in west-central Russia. Centered on Moscow, it was founded c. 1280 and existed as a separate entity until the 16th century, when it was united with another principality to form the nucleus of the early Russian empire. The name was then used for the expanded territory.
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Boyars
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Russian nobility
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Ivan the Terrible
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This king of Muscovy defeated the Mongols and added a great deal to his kingdom. He was known as terrible for his treatment of boyars, the hereditary nobility in Muscovy, as he abused, killed, and/or transplanted them and then replaced them with others who were loyal to him. These nobles were called the service nobility.
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How did Ivan the Terrible limit Economic activity?
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He tied the Nobles to their cities for a tax base, and trade was stifled.
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What became of his heredity?
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His son is killed- after death goes to time of troubles.
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Were there deals made with anyone in Russia?
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No- do it r be executed
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The Time of Troubles
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-Peasants are starving- eat grass and bark, The -after the death of Ivan the Terrible -many people battled for control of the Muscovite throne -These people came from both within and without Muscovy -Cosacs are rebelling -Moderates Realize that they need to stop fighting, -Appoint Michael Romanov to the throne
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Cossacks
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Peasant groups driven to the wild that were fed up with taxes and tyrannical rulers, and who made outlaw armies to counter the Tzar
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Michael Romanov
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The new "Tzar" of Russia after Ivan, he ended the Time of Troubles
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Peter the Great
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Ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western Europe, modernize and strengthen Russia
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Armies of Peter the Great
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Every battle Russia fought, they lost- peter realized the need for a modern, professional army and turned to the Prussians. He drafted men into the army, and this was considered a death sentence. Peter's armies were only at peace one year of his reign.
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Territorial Gains of Peter the Great
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-Captured Azov -Estonia -Lavthia -Baltic Port- will create St. Petersberg
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How did the Military dominate Russian society?
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-2/5 of economy goes to the Army -Taxes increase -Table of ranks -Training schools for the military -mines in the Ural mountains -It works! Beats Sweden in the great northern war
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The Great Northern War
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-Lasts 21 years -with Sweden -King Charles XII
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Azov
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a Turkish- held fortress- city on the Black Sea which Peter captured in 1695 after building up his army. He had suffered a defeat at the hands of the Turks years earlier, but built a navy, and conquered the city with naval power and a strong infantry.
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Pious Alexis
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Successor of Michael Romanov
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Patriarch Nikon
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(1605-1681) Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church; exiled when he challenged the authority of the czar.
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Tax on Souls
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A single tax on everyone.
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Table of Ranks
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The way that Boyars were inducted into the Bureaucracy
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How Did Peter Modernize Russia?
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-Five years of compulsory education for nobles -Unofficially to avoid regal customs -Hires Designers to make St. Peters burg -Learns Anatomy/ Dentistry -Ship Building
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Christian XII
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King of Sweden, great military tactician has small forces, but beats Russian armies 5 to 1.
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Baroque
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Style in art and architecture developed in Europe from about 1550 to 1700, emphasizing dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. Associated with Catholicism.
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Prince Eugene's Summer Palace
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Demonstrates The baroque style in Vienna
