History Chapter 21 Section 1 – Flashcards
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What was the first phase of the industrial revolution?
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The first phase of the industrial revolutionhad largely been forged from iron, powered by steam engines, and driven by the British textile industry.
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When did the industrial revolution entered a second phase?
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By the mid-1800s
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What new powers emerged?
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New industrial.
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Factories powered by electricity used what to turn out new products.
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Factories powered by electricity used innovative processes to turn out new products.
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What contributed to the rise of giant companies?
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Changes in business organization contributed to the rise of giant companies.
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What did the second Industrial Revolution transform?
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As the twentieth century dawned, this second Industrial Revolution transformed the economies of the Western world.
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What powers emerge?
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New Industrial Powers Emerge
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Who stood alone during the early industrial revolution?
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During the early Industrial Revolution, Britain stood alone as the world's industrial giant.
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How did Britain try to protect its head start on the industrial revolution?
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To protect its head start, Britain tried to enforce strict rules against exporting inventions.
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How long did the rules that Britain set work to protect its head start?
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For a while, the rules worked
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What did William Cockerill open? To manufacture what?
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Then, in 1807, British mechanic William Cockerill opened factories in Belgium to manufacture spinning and weaving machines.
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What was the next nation to industrialize?
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Belgium became the first European nation after Britain to industrialize.
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As other nations joined the industrialization, what challenged Britain's industrial supremacy?
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By the mid-1800s, other nations had joined the race, and several newcomers were challenging Britain's industrial supremacy.
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What do nations race to do?
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Nations Race to Industrialize
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How were other nations able to catch up with Britain so quickly?
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First, nations such as Germany, France, and the United States had more abundant supplies of coal, iron, and other resources than did Britain. Also, they had the advantage of being able to follow Britain's lead.
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What did Belgium borrow from Britain to catch up on industrial revolution?
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Like Belgium, latecomers often borrowed British experts or technology.
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Where was the first American textile factory built? With plans from where?
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The first American textile factory was built in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, with plans smuggled out of Britain.
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What did Robert Fulton power? With what?
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American inventor Robert Fulton powered his steamboat with one of James Watt's steam engines.
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What two countries thrust their way to industrial leadership?
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Two countries in particular—Germany and the United States—thrust their way to industrial leadership.
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What did Germany unite in?
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Germany united into a powerful nation in 1871.
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Within a few decades Germany became what?
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Within a few decades, it became Europe's leading industrial power.
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Who advanced rapidly? After what?
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Across the Atlantic, the United States advanced even more rapidly, especially after the Civil War.
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By 1900, how much was the United States was manufacturing? Surpassing what nation?
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By 1900, the United States was manufacturing about 30 percent of the world's industrial goods, surpassing Britain as the leading industrial nation.
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What other nations industrialized more slowly?
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Other nations industrialized more slowly, particularly those in eastern and southern Europe.
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Why did nations in eastern and Southern Europe industrialized slowly?
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These nations often lacked natural resources or the capital to invest in industry.
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What slowed Russia's development?
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Although Russia did have resources, social and political conditions slowed its economic development.
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When did Russia lumber towards industrialization?
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Only in the late 1800s, more than 100 years after Britain, did Russia lumber toward industrialization.
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What country in east Asia offered a remarkable success story?
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In East Asia, however, Japan offered a remarkable success story.
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What did Japan lack?
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Although Japan lacked many basic resources,
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Why did Japan industrialized rapidly?
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it industrialized rapidly after 1868 because of a political revolution that made modernization a priority.
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Who also built thriving industries?
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Canada, Australia, and New Zealand also built thriving industries during this time.
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What did nations like Britain under go?
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Like Britain, the new industrial nations underwent social changes, such as rapid urbanization.
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How did men, women,and children work?
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Men, women, and children worked long hours in difficult and dangerous conditions.
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What happens to the hard working conditions in the 1900s?
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As you will read, by 1900, these conditions had begun to improve in many industrialized nations.
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What did factories do that never did before?
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The factory system produced huge quantities of new goods at lower prices than ever before.
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What were ordinary workers doing that only the wealthy could do?
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In time, ordinary workers were buying goods that in earlier days only the wealthy could afford.
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What crated jobs?
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The demand for goods created jobs, as did the building of cities, railroads, and factories.
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How did politics change?
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Politics changed, too, as leaders had to meet the demands of an industrial society.
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Why did industrial nations compete fiercely?
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Globally, industrial nations competed fiercely, altering patterns of world trade.
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Why did the Western powers came to dominate the world more than ever before?
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Because of their technological and economic advantage, the Western powers came to dominate the world more than ever before.
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What sparks industrial growth?
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Technology Sparks Industrial Growth
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During the early Industrial Revolution, what were generally the work of gifted tinkerers?
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During the early Industrial Revolution, inventions such as the steam engine were generally the work of gifted tinkerers.
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How did people make machines better?
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They experimented with simple machines to make them better.
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How did the pace of change quicken?
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By the 1880s, the pace of change quickened as companies hired professional chemists and engineers to create new products and machinery.
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What spurred economic growth?
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The union of science, technology, and industry spurred economic growth.
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What did William Kelly and Henry Bessemer develop?
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American inventor William Kelly and British engineer Henry Bessemer independently developed a new process for making steel from iron.
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Who patented the process of making steel from iron?
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In 1856, Bessemer patented this process.
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Why could steel be produced cheaply?
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Steel was lighter, harder, and more durable than iron, so it could be produced very cheaply.
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What was steel become the major material used for?
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Steel quickly became the major material used in tools, bridges, and railroads.
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What happened as steel production soared?
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As steel production soared, industrialized countries measured their success in steel output.
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How did the German steel mill advance?
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In 1880, for example, the average German steel mill produced less than 5 million metric tons of steel a year. By 1910, that figure reached nearly 15 million metric tons.
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What did chemists create?
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Chemists created hundreds of new products, from medicines such as aspirin to perfumes and soaps.
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What played a key role in increasing food production?
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Newly developed chemical fertilizers played a key role in increasing food production.
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What did Alfred Nobel invent?
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In 1866, the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel invented dynamite, an explosive much safer than others used at the time.
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What was dynamite used for?
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It was widely used in construction and, to Nobel's dismay, in warfare.
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What did dynamite do for Nobel?
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Dynamite earned Nobel a huge fortune, which he willed to fund the famous Nobel prizes that are still awarded today.
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What replaces steam?
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Electric Power Replaces Steam
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What new power source was developed in the late 1800s?
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In the late 1800s, a new power source—electricity—replaced steam as the dominant source of industrial power.
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Who tinkered with electricity?
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Scientists like Benjamin Franklin had tinkered with electricity a century earlier.
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What did Alessandro Volta develop?
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The Italian scientist Alessandro Volta developed the first battery around 1800.
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What did Michael Faraday create?
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Later, the English chemist Michael Faraday created the first simple electric motor and the first dynamo, a machine that generates electricity.
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What works on the principal of Faraday's dynamo?
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Today, all electrical generators and transformers work on the principle of Faraday's dynamo.
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What did Thomas Edison make?
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In the 1870s, the American inventor Thomas Edison made the first electric light bulb.
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What illuminated whole cities?
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Soon, Edison's "incandescent lamps" illuminated whole cities.
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What quickened? And when could factories continue to work?
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The pace of city life quickened, and factories could continue to operate after dark.
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By the 1890s what did cables carry.
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By the 1890s, cables carried electrical power from dynamos to factories.
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How did the basic features remain during the 1800s?
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The basic features of the factory system remained the same during the 1800s.
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How did factories continue to make mass production goods?
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Factories still used large numbers of workers and power-driven machines to mass-produce goods.
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How did manufactures improve efficiency?
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To improve efficiency, however, manufacturers designed products with interchangeable parts*, identical components that could be used in place of one another.
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interchangeable parts
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identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing
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What did interchangeable parts simplify?
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Interchangeable parts simplified both the assembly and repair of products.
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What was another method to make manufacturing easier?
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By the early 1900s, manufacturers had introduced another new method of production, the assembly line*.
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Assembly line
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production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks.
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How do people work on an assembly line?
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Workers on an assembly line add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to the next.
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Who profess a task on an assembly line?
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A different person performs each task along the assembly line.
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What is the benefit of the assembly line?
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This division of labor in an assembly line, like interchangeable parts, made production faster and cheaper, lowering the price of goods.
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What was the down side of the assembly line?
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Although dividing labor into separate tasks proved to be more efficient, it took much of the joy out of the work itself.
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What two things advance?
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Transportation and Communication Advances
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During the Industrial Revolution what were transformed by technology?
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During the Industrial Revolution, transportation and communications were transformed by technology.
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What did steamships replace? What took off?
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Steamships replaced sailing ships, and railroad building took off.
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Where did rail lines connect in Europe and North America?
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In Europe and North America, rail lines connected inland cities and seaports, mining regions and industrial centers.
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What did the transcontinental in the US offer?
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In the United States, a transcontinental railroad provided rail service from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
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What railroad did the Russians build?
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In the same way, Russians built the Trans-Siberian Railroad, linking Moscow in European Russia to Vladivostok on the Pacific.
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Where did the railroad tunnels cross?
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Railroad tunnels and bridges crossed the Alps in Europe and the Andes in South America.
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Who road the railroads?
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Passengers and goods rode on rails in India, China, Egypt, and South Africa.
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What did Nikolaus Otto invent?
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The transportation revolution took a new turn when a German engineer, Nikolaus Otto, invented a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine.
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What did Karl Benz receive?
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In 1886, Karl Benz received a patent for the first automobile, which had three wheels.
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What did Gottlieb Daimler introduce?
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A year later, Gottlieb Daimler introduced the first four-wheeled automobile.
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What did people laugh at? But what did they transform?
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People laughed at the "horseless carriages," but they quickly transformed transportation.
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Who did the French nose out as early automakers?
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The French nosed out the Germans as early automakers.
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What did Henry Ford make?
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Then the American Henry Ford started making models that reached the breathtaking speed of 25 miles per hour.
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What did ford use to make a mass-production of cars?
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In the early 1900s, Ford began using the assembly line to mass-produce cars, making the United States a leader in the automobile industry.
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What takes flight?
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Airplanes Take Flight
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What did the internal combustion power?
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The internal combustion engine powered more than cars.
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What boosted farm production?
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Motorized threshers and reapers boosted farm production.
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What did the internal combustion engine make possible?
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Even more dramatically, the internal combustion engine made possible sustained, pilot controlled flight.
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What did Orville and Wilbur Wright design?
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In 1903, American bicycle makers Orville and Wilbur Wright designed and flew a flimsy airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
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How long did the Wright brothers machine stay in the air for? What did it usher?
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Although their flying machine stayed aloft for only a few seconds, it ushered in the air age.
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What happened after Wright brothers designed a flying machine?
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Soon, daredevil pilots were flying airplanes across the English Channel and over the Alps.
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What year did commercial passengers travel?
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Commercial passenger travel, however, would not begin until the 1920s.
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What revolution made the world smaller?
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A revolution in communications also made the world smaller.
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What did Samuel F.B. Morse develop?
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An American inventor, Samuel F. B. Morse, developed the telegraph, which could send coded messages over wires by means of electricity.
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Where was Morse's first telegraph line serviced?
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His first telegraph line went into service between Washington, D.C. and Baltimore, in 1844.
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Where was the undersea cable relaying messages to?
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By the 1860s, an undersea cable was relaying messages between Europe and North America.
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How was the trans-Atlantic cable back in its day?
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This trans-Atlantic cable was an amazing engineering accomplishment for its day.
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How did Communication developed further?
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Communication soon became even faster.
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Alexander Graham Bell invent?
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In 1876, the Scottish-born American inventor Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone.
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What did Nikola Tesla experiment with?
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By the 1890s, Nikola Tesla had experimented with "wireless" transmissions.
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What did Guglielmo Marconi invent?
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Italian pioneer Guglielmo Marconi had invented the radio.
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How did Marconi receive a radio message? Sent from where to where?
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In 1901, Marconi received a radio message, using Morse code, sent from Britain to Canada.
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What became cornerstone of today's global communications network?
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Radio would become a cornerstone of today's global communications network.
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What takes a new direction?
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Business Takes a New Direction
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What we call "big business" came to what?
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By the late 1800s, what we call "big business" came to dominate industry.
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What does a big business refer to?
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Big business refers to an establishment that is run by entrepreneurs who finance, manufacture, and distribute goods.
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In time, what did big businesses control?
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As time passed, some big businesses came to control entire industries.
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What did new technologies require a new investment of?
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New technologies required the investment of large amounts of money, or capital.
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What did owners dell to get to the need capital?
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To get the needed capital, owners sold stock*, or shares in their companies, to investors.
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Stocks
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Shares in a company
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What did each stockholder become?
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Each stockholder became owner of a tiny part of a company.
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How many shares did Large-scale companies sell?
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Large-scale companies, such as steel foundries, needed so much capital that they sold hundreds of thousands of shares.
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What did business form that sold stocks?
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These businesses formed giant corporations*, businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock.
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Corporations
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Business owned by many investors who buy shares of stock and risk only the amount of their investment
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What could corporations do with large amounts of capital?
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With large amounts of capital, corporations could expand into many areas
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What did powerful business leaders create?
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Powerful business leaders created monopolies and trusts, huge corporate structures that controlled entire industries or areas of the economy.
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What did Alfred Krupp inherit?
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In Germany, Alfred Krupp inherited a steelmaking business from his father.
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What did Krupp buy?
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He bought up coal and iron mines as well as ore deposits—supply lines or raw materials that fed the steel business.
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What did Krupp and his son acquire?
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Later, he and his son acquired plants that made tools, railroad cars, and weapons.
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What did John D. Rockefeller build?
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In the United States, John D. Rockefeller built Standard Oil Company into an empire.
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How did Rockefeller dominated the American petroleum industry?
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By gaining control of oil wells, oil refineries, and oil pipelines, he dominated the American petroleum industry.
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What did ruthless business leaders destroy in pursuit of profit in their company?
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In their pursuit of profit, ruthless business leaders destroyed competing companies.
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When could companies raise prices?
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With the competition gone, they were free to raise prices.
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Why would a group of corporations join together?
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Sometimes, a group of corporations would join forces and form a cartel*, an association to fix prices, set production quotas, or control markets.
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Cartel
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A group of companies that join together to control the production and price of a product
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What did a cartel do in Germany?
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In Germany, a single cartel fixed prices for 170 coal mines.
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What sparked a stormy debate?
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The rise of big business and the creation of such great wealth sparked a stormy debate.
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What did some people see the Krupps and Rockefellers as?
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Some people saw the Krupps and Rockefellers as "captains of industry" and praised their vision and skills.
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What did people point out about capitalists? How many people where employed? What did it add?
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They pointed out that capitalists invested their wealth in worldwide ventures, such as railroad building, that employed thousands of workers and added to the general prosperity.
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Who were aggressive magnates?
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To others, the aggressive magnates were "robber barons."
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What did critics argue about destroying competition?
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Destroying competition, critics argued, damaged the free-enterprise system, or the laissez-faire economy.
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What did reformers call laws to prevent?
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Reformers called for laws to prevent monopolies and regulate large corporations.
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Who did big business find support from?
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Despite questionable business practices, big business found support from many government leaders.
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By the early 1900s, some governments move against what?
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By the early 1900s, some governments did move against monopolies.
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What did the political and economic power of business leaders often hindered ?
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However, the political and economic power of business leaders often hindered efforts at regulation.
