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Today, the discipline known as the humanities studies and creative and intellectual expressions (art, literature, philosophy) of _______________.

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Men and women around the world.

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In studying the humanities, people come to understand _______________.

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Both themselves and others

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Studying the humanities both requires and fosters _______________.

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Open-mindedness

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The standards of beauty _______________.

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Vary from culture to culture

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When someone teaches by the Socratic method, he or she favors _______________.

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Asking questions to stimulate students' critical thinking

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Immersing ourselves in the humanities is valuable i part because it allows us to _______________.

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Share in the firsthand experiences of those who lived in past eras

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In large measure, to study the humanities is to study language; one benefit or reading great works or seeing great theater is that it can _______________.

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Provide us with a "shorthand" by which we can express our own thoughts.

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When we call someone a "Renaissance person", we mean he or she _______________.

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Is learned in a wide variety or areas and has wide range or interests

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The Leonardo da Vinci drawing known as vitruvius man is an attempt to portray _______________.

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A realistic figure that represents ideal proportions

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One important quality of the "infinite person" is _______________.

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A lack of prejudice

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The study of the humanities originated in _______________.

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The Renaissance

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Originally, to study "the humanities" was to study the great artists, writers, and philosophers of_______________.

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Ancient Greece and Rome

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When a person judges the beauty of a work of art, he or she is _______________.

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In part influenced by his or her culture

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An aesthetic experience is one that we value _______________.

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For no reason beyond the experience itself

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Studying the humanities can improve a person's language skills because _______________.

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Through reading or listening to great language, he or she acquires models for writing or speaking effectively and powerfully

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Studying the humanities enhances our ability to think by ______________.

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Engaging us with complex or debatable ideas

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The study of the humanities exposes us to great works of the past; by so doing, it can affect the present and the future in which of the following ways?

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Some treasures from the past embody issues that still face us; the great works show us various causes of an approaches to those issues

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The "infinite" person is someone who _______________.

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Does not jump to quick conclusions, instead considering issues from many different perspectives

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Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered the model of the "infinite" or universal man?

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He was a man of the broadest possible learning and a widely diverse range or interests and achievements

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The ancient trilogy of plays known as the Oresteia is worth studying today because it _______________.

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Concludes with a trial and is, therefore, a milestone in the early history of democracy

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In the study of the humanities, critical thinking is the process by which one _______________.

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Observes, interprets, and evaluates works of art

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The critical thinking skills we develop through the study of the humanities are applicable to our everyday lives, as they can help us _______________.

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Draw reasonable conclusions based on adequate, credible sources of information

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Thinking noncritically, in the study of the humanities and in everyday life, is _______________.

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Sometimes necessary or desirable

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Nietzsche identified as Apollonian that side of the human personality dominated by _______________.

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Reason

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Nietzsche labeled as Dionysian that side of the human personality dominated by _______________.

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Feelings

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As a response to a work of art, the statement "I like it" is _______________.

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A personal, intuitive response to the work

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When we identify with a fictional character in a novel or a movie and for a time become invested in that character's desires and difficulties, we are experiencing _______________.

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Empathy

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Which of the following approaches constitutes a critical analysis of a novel or a play?

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Identifying the strategies the author uses to prompt certain responses toward the characters

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To begin solving a critical-thinking problem, one must first _______________.

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Identify it and define its parameters

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Assumptions are _______________.

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The beliefs on which opinions are based and conclusions are drawn.

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When we consider the influence that the ideas, values, and styles of a particular time have had on a work of art, we are considering the work's _______________.

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Historical context

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A work from earlier times that is rewritten or restaged for modern audiences is called _______________.

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An adaptation of the earlier work

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Reviewers summarize or describe works of art; professional critics, by contrast, _______________.

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Follow consistent critical principles in analyzing the elements that constitute a work of art

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Professional critics might be said to serve as teachers in the arts because they _______________.

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Discuss specific aspects of the works they interpret or evaluate, in the process expressing their philosophies of art

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To begin, a person critical response to a work of art - say, a poem - one should

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State the contents of the poem as clearly and objectively as possible

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Exploring the context of a work of art involves _______________.

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Learning about the time period in which the work was created and/or the life of the artist

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People who respond to current events and works of art primarily in relation to their own tastes and experiences can be labeled as _______________.

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Literalists

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In responding to current events and works of art, figuratists tend to _______________.

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Refer to broad concepts and general principles

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Metaphoric language is language that _______________.

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Has meaning on more than one level

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Ideally, thinking critically about ourselves and our personal experiences leads us to self-knowledge, and self-knowledge leads us to _______________.

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A more profound understanding of humankind

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The philosopher who drew distinction between Apollonian and Dionysian ways of responding to drama and to events in real life is _______________.

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Friedrich Nietzsche

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One's Dionysian and Apollonian responses to a work of art are _______________.

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Often intertwined

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When we label something a "popcorn movie", we are generally suggesting that _______________.

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We can enjoy it without having to think about it very much

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The use of techniques designed to distance the audience from an emotional response and to encourage instead a social-critical one is called _______________.

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The alienation effect

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The beliefs on which opinions are based and conclusions drawn are _______________.

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Assumptions

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The language of a literalist speaker _______________.

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Generally reflects a concern for the immediate moment

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Which of the following is a literalist statement?

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"I know what I like."

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Pauline Kael illustrated that professional critics are sometimes too analytical for the general public's liking when she wrote that what film is "a sugar-coated lie"?

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The Sound of Music

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Scholars call characters, events, and symbols that recur in myths from cultures all over the world _______________.

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Archetypes

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The American mythologist Joseph Campbell, among others, argues that all myths are variations of a single basic story, that of _______________.

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A hero on a quest

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The character Oedipus is typical of Western heroes because _______________.

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He falls from greatness

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Eighteenth-century writers in Europe and America who lamented the shift from rural to urban living were reviving the myth of _______________.

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The Garden

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Our earliest ancestors created myths in attempts to account for natural phenomena and for _______________.

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The hardships and tragedies of life

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In most Asian belief systems, _______________.

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There is no clear-cut story of creation

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Persephone, the daughter of the goddess of the earth, marries Hades, the lord of the underworld; Persephone lives with her mother all but four months of the year. This Greek myth was created to explain _______________.

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The changing of the seasons

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Many mythologies seek to explain the existence of human suffering; suffering results from an early act of transgression against divine law. Often, these acts are performed by _______________.

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A woman

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Children who hear about the Three Little Pigs learn that hard work and diligence pay off; Red Riding Hood's journey would have been safer if she had obeyed her mother and avoided the Big Bad Wold. As these examples illustrate, childhood stories implicitly convey a culture's _______________.

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Values and beliefs

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Traditional fairy tales are sometimes criticized because they _______________.

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Reinforce gender stereotypes and class distinctions

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The central figures in stories for children often face dark challenges and frightening villains; nonetheless, these stories tend to end positively for their main characters, teaching young listeners or readers that _______________.

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Problems can be solved and danger can be overcome

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We give ourselves permission to violate the rules of goof health when we evoke the popular myth _______________.

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"They'll think of something."

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The expression "What goes around come around" and the concept of "just deserts" reflect our basic cultural belief that _______________.

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Good works will be rewarded and misdeeds will be punished

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The Horatio Alger novels of the early twentieth century all have heroes or heroines who start off poor and become wealthy either by hard work or by accident; these stories are influenced by the popular myth expressed in the statement, _______________.

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"There's always room at the top."

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Much of Asia's rich mythology is relayed in brief, simple stories called _______________.

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Parables

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Tennyson's nineteenth-century poem "The Lotos-eaters" draws on a myth that appears in _______________.

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Homer's Odyssey

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The Elysian Fields, Avalon, and the Underworld are all _______________.

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Mythological conceptions of the afterlife

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Myths are true in the sense that they _______________.

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Help us understand how people think and what they need on a deep level

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Carl Jung's phrase for the university of many myths and archetypes among different cultures is _______________.

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The collective unconscious

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In a myth recounted in the Upanishads, the sacred books of India, the first Self is lonely and lacks delight. This Self then splits into two parts and, thus, there is man and woman. This myth is _______________.

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A creation story

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Virtually every mythological hero performs a great deed; usually, this deed occurs in the hero's _______________.

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Young adulthood

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The heroes of Asian and Middle Eastern mythologies are _______________.

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Revered for their value, humility, and/or social achievements

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Stonehenge is of interest to mythologists because it makes us of what archetypal symbol?

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The circle

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In Prometheus Unbound, the English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley draws on the story of the mythical Titan who _______________.

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Steals fire from the gods and gives it to mortals

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Many of our common sayings derive from the fables of what ancient storyteller?

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Aesop

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Aristippus conceived of hedonistic happiness as _______________.

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Bodily sensations

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A hedonistic viewpoint that encourages making the most of every day is called _______________.

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Carpe diem

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The belief that unpleasant labor deserves pleasurable compensation in return is known as _______________.

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Big earnings theory

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Epicureans typically _______________.

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Qualify hedonists' belief in the pursuit of pleasure by balancing it with the avoidance of pain

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Objections to epicureanism include the idea that _______________.

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The philosophy is ultimately a selfish way of living

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Stoicism differs from epicureanism by believing _______________.

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Pain is a necessary part of life

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When encountering something painful, stoics advise _______________.

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Having methods of managing that pain

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According to stoics, _______________.

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Our responses to pain are or should be fully within our control

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Opponents of stoicism contend _______________.

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That stoics really just want other not to have more fun than they have

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Aristotle differs from all epicureans, stoics, and hedonists in that _______________.

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Happiness for him is not about the feeling at a particular moment

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For Aristotle, complete happiness can be measured _______________.

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By looking back on how our lives have been conducted

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What gives us happiness as Aristotle defines it is _______________.

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Living a life dedicated to wisdom and virtue

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For Aristotle, the role of government is _______________.

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To promote and ensure the happiness of its citizens

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Models of the happy life are those who _______________.

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Are able to create meaningful lives in the face of significant obstacles

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The kind of happiness Anne Frank models is _______________.

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A stoic resolution and endurance

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The kind of happiness Martin Luther King, Jr. models is _______________.

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An Aristotelian one in which reason provides a sense of goodness

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The kind of happiness Gandhi models is _______________.

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One built on teaching other love and nonviolence

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Buddhist principles of Hinayana may be described as _______________.

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A way to happiness acknowledging the fact that life is pain

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Manayana differs from Hinayana in that it _______________.

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Adds to meditation practices the renunciation of worldly pleasures

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The Dalai Lama's purpose is _______________.

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To convince other of their own serenity as a method of lessening violence

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Romantic comedy often presents happiness as _______________.

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Chaos that returns to harmony

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Comedies such as Don Quixote suggest that happiness results from _______________.

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Acknowledging one's imperfections

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In Death of a Salesman, tragedy seems to be based on _______________.

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Confusing happiness with material success in the business world

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Hedonism's first principle is _______________.

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People have a right to the maximum amount of pleasure

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A typical hedonist response to epicureanism might be _______________.

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Epicureans don't live life to the fullest

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As rome was building its empire, many of its citizens _______________.

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Adopted stoicism because its emphasis on reason and controlling negative emotions accorded will with the Roman ideal of the perfect human being

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The following might accurately be said of stoicism:

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Stoicism's resignation to fortune offers no way of genuinely helping others improve their fortunes

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Aristotle defined happiness as _______________.

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The highest, or final, good

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Thomas a Becket was a _______________.

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Christian martyr

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The title figure of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin is often _______________.

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Criticized for the stoic inaction he embodies

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Viktor Frankl's life is important as a model for happiness because it shows _______________.

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How expectations for happiness can adjust to various circumstances

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This chapter discusses happiness _______________.

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To provide alternatives so that students can envision their own routes to happiness

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Literature such as Les Miserables that deals with human suffering _______________.

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Often makes no attempt to resolve the misery it depicts

Humanities Chapter 1 – Flashcards

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