PreAP World Geography Eastern Europe Chap. 13 – Flashcards
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What countries make up Eastern Europe?
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Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Moldova, Albania, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, and Kosovo.
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What is the geography like in Eastern Europe?
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Mostly mountains and plains. Mountains dominate in the south.
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Dinaric Alps are an extension of the Swiss Alps but smaller. They are in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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The area has karst topography with underground rivers and sink holes in limestone. Forestry and mining are the primary economic activities.
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Carpathian Mountains run from Slovakia to Romania.
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Carpathians depend on forestry and agriculture.
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The Balkan Peninsula is the most eastern one. It is rugged and has think snow in the winter.
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The Balkan Mountains are also a climate barrier.
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North of Carpathia the landscape flattens in Poland and the Baltic areas with the ______ _______ plains.
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Northern European Agriculture is big and livestock are along the Danube.
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What river is second largest in Europe and played a role in settlement and development of Europe?
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The Danube River from Germany, through 9 countries, to the Black Sea. It is a commercial highway for many countries and divides Budapest in half.
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How was trade increased in both directions?
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A canal connecting the Danube with the Main River (tributary of the Rhine River) allowed to goods like ore, animal feed, and fertilizers to be delivered in both directions. It also allows for more tourism.
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The Vistula River is largest in Poland and goes south to north.
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Vistula has the major cities on it. A canal connects it to the Oder River and helps relieve the roads and rail. The Oder is crucial to the Polish economy.
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What are the seas for the Eastern European countries?
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Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Baltic Sea, and the Adriatc. They are used to help with importing and exporting.
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What is the Eastern Europe climate like?
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Temperatures vary widely: humid conintental climate with cold snowy winters and hot summers. The are more evergreens than deciduous.
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The region south of the Northern European Plain is sometimes referred to as the Danube region and comprises the Carpathian and Balkan Mountains together with the Hungarian Plain. How is it's climate?
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The Danube region also has a continental climate. Winters and summers, however, are about equally long, and the region enjoys moderate average temperatures.
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How is the climate in the northern Adriatic?
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humid subtropical with short mild winters and rain all year. The Adriatic sea has endemic fish species that are endangered due to over fishing.
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What are the Eastern European natural resources?
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There are large quantities of natural gas, oil and coal. Some countries use hydroelectric power including 71% for Latvia. Poland has coal, natural gas, iron, zinc, lead and copper and silver. Poland has amber which is also called Baltic gold. Many Eastern European countries have bauxite reserves which is used to make aluminum.
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shatter belt
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Eastern Europe is known as a _______ __________ region because it has persistently or constantly, experienced political and territorial splintering and fracturing along cultural and ethnic lines.
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Interstate Wars and undergo internal conflicts such as Civil Wars.
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Shatter Belt regions are more likely to engage in what?
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Soviet Union
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During the Cold War period (1945-1991) Eastern Europe was dominated by the __________ ___________.
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The countries were on their own and had to determine their own future. Fights broke out between countries and for other countries they worked together in political cooperation.
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What happened to Eastern Europe after 1991?
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Asia
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Where did the earliest Slavs migrate from?
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Celtic and Germanic Tribes
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When these Slavs came to Eastern Europe they had to settle alongside ________ and _____ tribes.
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The Danube River
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What river divides countries physically, but it also helps connect Eastern and Western Europe?
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They could establish independent states and the mountainous terrain helped them to resist invading armies.
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How did the mountains help the early Slavs living on the Balkan Peninsula?
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They built communities in forest and plains north of the Caucasus Mountains.
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Where did the Slavs decide to go after they left this area east of the Balkan Peninsula?
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They experienced invasions from people coming from Asia, particularly the Mongols in the 1200's.
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What happened to the Slavs that settled east of the Balkan Peninsula?
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1.) Romans 2.) Romania
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Around A.D. 106 the ________ conquered the lands between the Carpathian Mountains and the Danube River and named the area ______________.
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Because this region has constantly experienced political and territorial fracturing along cultural and ethnic lines.
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Why is Eastern Europe known as a shatter belt?
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1.) Byzantine Empire 2.) Ottoman Turks
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As part of the eastern half of the Roman Empire, the area became part of the _______________ Empire that emerged after the fall of Rome. This empire lasted for a thousand years falling to the _______________ ______________ in 1453
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World War 1
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The Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453 and ruled much of southern Eastern Europe. They ruled for over 420 years or until the end of _________________.
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1.) World War 1 2.) assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand
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The Balkan Peninsula, like much of Eastern Europe, has long been a region of instability. This ethnic conflict in the region contributed to the start of ________________ when a Serbian nationalist did what??
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He was heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne in 1914
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Who was Archduke Francis Ferdinand?
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The country of Yugoslavia
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What new country was developed on the new map of Europe with the breakup of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires after World War 1. This map was based on ethnicity, population, politics and economic strengths.
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1.) war 2.) Balkanization
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Why has the Balkan Peninsula seen division of the larger regions or countries into smaller regions or countries for many centuries, often as the result of ___________. This division of a region into smaller regions is know as _____________.
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Yugoslavia
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What country tried or attempted to reverse that pattern, since it took many smaller regions based on ethnicity and combined them into one country.
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Communist Soviet Union
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After World War II, Eastern Europe fell under the control of the ____________________.
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Cold War
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The control of communist Eastern Europe in contrast to democratic Western Europe brought about the ________ _______.
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it was a ideological, political and geographical war.
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What was the Cold War?
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"buffer zone"
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Based on the devastation of Russia and other Soviet lands in both world wars, the Soviets used Eastern Europe as a "________ ________" The eastern countries of Europe separated the Soviet Union from Western Europe's democracies.
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The Buffer Zone provided military protection and led to very different types of social, economic, and political developments between Eastern Europe and Western Europe.
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What did the buffer zone provide?
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ethnic cleansing
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Power struggles by ethnic and political groups resulted in civil war. What followed was a horrific practice called ________ ____________ which is expelling from a country or genocide of an ethnic group.
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Bosnian Croats and Bosnian Muslims
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With Ethnic Cleansing, it affected all groups but mostly the _____________ ___________ and ___________ ____________.
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Military from NATO countries bombed Serbian military and civilian targets to stop Serbia's support of the ethnic cleansing. Eventually, international peace keeping efforts were able to dislodge Serb leaders and end the conflict.
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How did this conflict and ethnic cleansing, killing and expelling end?
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The fall of the Communist Party
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What did the public demonstrations of 1989 in Yugoslavia lead to?
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Slavic
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Most Eastern Europeans are ethnically ___________.
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1.) Indo-European 2.) Asia
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Slavs are descended from _________-__________ people who migrated from ___________ and settled in the region of Eastern Europe.
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language
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Slavs are ethnic groups mainly by their ___________.
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Population density and distribution
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What influences geographic factors in Eastern Europe?
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Industrialization
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___________________ throughout the 1900's led to urbanization in Eastern Europe.
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European Union (EU)
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Joining the ________ _________ or ______ has been a major advantage to those Eastern European countries that met the requirements for memberships.
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Society--This conflict has affected education, and health care system. Culture: Difference religion divisions between people practicing Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Islam has led to tensions. Roman Catholicism and Judaism are also practiced in the region.
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How has conflict affected society and culture in Eastern Europe?
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"cradle to the grave"
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The health care system, known as "_________ ____ _______" was affected by the change to the market economy and by the lower birthrates and higher number of senior citizens. Despite this, most Eastern Europeans continue to have access to quality health care provided by national governments. The European outlook on health car make it a basic human right.
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What has Eastern Europe become a global center for?
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low-cost manufacturing of electronics products. It also has high education and low labor cost so people invest here along with tourism.
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The European Union helped all its members during the economic downturn.
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Wealthier countries like Germany assisted weaker countries like Greece, Portugal, Italy and Spain.
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Eastern Europe and the environment
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They have industrialized rapidly without worrying about the environment. Also, dams, dikes, and other water issues have damaged the water quality which threatens wildlife.
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About 80% of Europe was once covered by forests but now 2/3's of that is gone.
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Forests were cut down for cities and farms. Now there is an illegal logging problem for people that can't afford electricity so it's used for fire especially in Romania and Bulgaria. Logging has hurt biodiversity too.
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What happened after communist rule declined?
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People moved to the cities for work. Governments wanted to preserve forests too and protect them, but logging gives jobs to poor so nonprotected lands are losing forests and wildlife.
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What human activities result in acid rain?
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Burning coal for power in the Black Triangle (Poland, Germany, and Czech Republic) has led to air, soil, and water pollution and disease and cancer. They built tall smoke stacks to help the city but the pollution just went further away and mixed with water to make acid rain with hurts forests and lakes and rivers. Snow has the pollution in it too and then melts acid into the lakes and rivers killing fish.
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Agriculture also hurts the environment by _______.
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Fertilizers and Pesticides have run off farms and polluted the Danube and Vistula Rivers. Mine drainage does too. Before 1989 Eastern Europe had not environmental standards but when they joined the EU they had to get them. Now they have to add emissions equipment to remove sulfur and nitrogen from the smoke as it goes out.
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Eastern Europe countries have made good efforts to clean up. How?
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New EU countries have to follow environmental standards or face legal action. They set up low emission zones where bad cars can't drive. Since clean ups are expensive, Eastern European countries have asked for advanced technology and investments.
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What happens when pollution crosses a national border?
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It's hard to determine which countries are causing the pollution or how much each is causing so it takes longer to clean up like with the Danube at the Black Sea.
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Non-EU countries are also helping.
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The Helsinki Convention addressed pollution for the Baltic Sea by regulating agricultural runoff.
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The International Maritime Organization (IMO) said the _________ and __________ Seas need more regulations.
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Black and Baltic Fishing needs to be protected.
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What does the WWF do?
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Work to clean up the Danube and Vistula Rivers, stop illegal loggon, prevent overfishing, and creating protected areas for plants and fish. The Srebarna Nature Reserve and Rila National Park are helping.
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Why do the Balkan countries lag behind other Eastern European countries in helping the environment?
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Political instability but as they join the EU they will have to be better on the enviornment. One challenge is many countries share one resource like a river or mountains. All the countries must work together but this is hard because they all just broke apart in some cases like Yugoslavia. They need to improve mining processes to get at all their minerals and they need better education about the environment.
